15Nov 2019

BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF ANABAS TESTUDINEUS (BLOCH 1792) TOWARDS SUBLETHAL PARAQUAT EXPOSURE

  • Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 42400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  • Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Azzaytuna University, Tarhunah, Libya
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo
  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

A 96 hours acute toxicity test was completed in order to determine paraquat lethal concentration 50% (96H LC50) value towards Anabas testudineus. The fish was subjected to 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mgL-1 of paraquat under laboratory conditions. Fish mortality rate was directly proportional to paraquat concentration with a total 100% mortality recorded at 30 mgL-1 in 48 hours. The 96H LC50 value of paraquat was 16.81 mgL-1 which is slightly toxic according to United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Regarding behavioural study, a 48 hours sublethal toxicity test was carried out with 2, 5, 12, and 15 mgL-1 of paraquat. Exposed fish exhibited agitated, respiratory distress and abnormal nervous behaviours which were the earliest response to paraquat The results of present study showed that paraquat is toxic to A. testudineus and any application towards aquatic environment must be handled with caution


  1. Abedi, Z., Khalesi, M., Eskandari, S. K. and Rahmani, H. (2012). Comparison of Lethal Concentrations (LC50-96 H) of CdCl2, CrCl3, and Pb(NO3)2 in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Sutchi Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Iran. J. Toxicol., 6(18), 672?680.
  2. Ada, F. B., Ekpenyong, E. and Ayotunde, E. O. (2012). Haematological, biological and behavioural changes in Oreochromis niloticus (Linne 1757) juveniles exposed to Paraquat herbicide. J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., 4(3), 64?74. http://doi.org/10.5897/JECE11.067
  3. Anur, A. N., Safiah, J., Ikhwanuddin, M. and Marina, H. (2011): Effects of a methanolic extract of Melaleuca cajuputi on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In International Fisheries Symposium (pp. 119?121).
  4. Bell, A. M. (2001). Effects of an endocrine disrupter on courtship and aggressive behaviour of male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Anim. Behav., 62(4), 775?780. http://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1824
  5. Benli, A. ?. K. and ?zkul, A. (2010). Acute toxicity and histopathological effects of sublethal fenitrothion on Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 97(1), 32?35. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.12.001
  6. Broderius, S. J., Kahl, M. D., Elonen, G. E., Hammermeister, D. E. and Hoglund, M. D. (2005). A comparison of the lethal and sublethal toxicity of organic chemical mixtures to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 24(12), 3117?3127.
  7. Dube, P. N. and Hosetti, B. B. (2010). Behaviour surveillance and oxygen consumption in the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) exposed to sodium cyanide. Biotechnol. Anim. Husb., 26(1?2), 91?103. http://doi.org/10.2298/BAH1002091D
  8. Dutta, H. M., Nassar, S. S., Munshi, J. S. and Richmonds, C. (1994). Behavioral changes in an air-breathing fish, Anabas testudineus, exposed to malathion. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 52(1), 80?86. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197361
  9. Ferreira, A., Maroco, E., Yonamine, M. and Oliveira, M. L. F. de. (2008). Organophosphate and carbamate poisonings in the northwest of Paran? state, Brazil from 1994 to 2005: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Rev. Bras. Ci?ncias Farm., 44(3), 407?415. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-93322008000300010
  10. Gholami-Seyedkolaei, S. J., Mirvaghefi, A., Farahmand, H. and Kosari, A. A., 2013. Effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide in Cyprinus carpio: Assessment of acetylcholinesterase activity, hematological responses and serum biochemical parameters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 98, 135?141. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.011
  11. Hansen, J. A., Lipton, J., Welsh, P. G., Morris, J., Cacela, D. and Suedkamp, M. J. (2002). Relationship between exposure duration, tissue residues, growth, and mortality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles sub-chronically exposed to copper. Aquat. Toxicol. (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 58(3?4), 175?88. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00234-X
  12. Hassan, M., Norhan, N. A. S., Chong, J. L., Daud, H. M., Shah, M. M. A. H. and Karim, N. U. (2015). Behavioral and Histopathological Changes of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Exposed to Paraquat. J. Fish. Livest. Prod., 3(2), 2?4. http://doi.org/10.4172/2332-2608.1000131
  13. Hassan, M., Zakariah, M. I., Wahab, W., Mohammad, S. D., Idris, N. and Jasmani, S. (2013). Histopathological and Behavioral Changes in Oreochromis sp. after Exposure to Different Salinities. J. Fish. Livest. Prod., 1(2), 2?5. http://doi.org/10.4172/2332-2608
  14. and LOHP. (2008). Understanding Toxic Substances. In J. Public Health (p. 36). Retrieved from www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/hesis
  15. Ikpesu, T. O. (2013). Depuration Technique of Xenobiotics with Reference to Accumulation and Elimination of Paraquat Dichloride in Clarias gariepinus. Iran. J. Toxicol, 7(22), 894?899.
  16. Kankaya, E. and Kaptaner, B. (2014). Increased apoptosis in the liver of Chalcalburnus tarici expoed to sublethal concentrations of methyl Parathion. J. Appl. Biol. Sci., 8(1), 45?48.
  17. Kumar, N., Ambasankar, K., Krishnani, K. K., Gupta, S. K., Bhushan, S. and Minhas, P. S. (2016). Acute toxicity, biochemical and histopathological responses of endosulfan in Chanos chanos. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 131, 79?88. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.013
  18. Kumar, S., Hettiaratchi, P., Ashwath, N. and Gikas, P. (2015). Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants. Biomed Res. Int., 2015. http://doi.org/10.1155/2015/702439
  19. Mishra, A., Tripathi, C. P. M., Dwivedi, A. K. and Dubey, V. K. (2011). Acute toxicity and behavioral response of freshwater fish, Mystus vittatus exposed to pulp mill effluent. J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., 3(6), 167?172.
  20. Mustafa, S., & Murad, A. (1984). Survival, behavioral response and hematological profile of catfish Heteropneustes fossilis exposed to DDT. Japanese J. Ichthyol., 31(1), 55?65.
  21. Naserabad, S. S., Mirvaghefi, A., Gerami, M. H. and Ghafari, H. (2015). Acute Toxicity and Behavioral Changes of the Gold Fish (Carassius auratus) Exposed to Malathion and Hinosan. Iran. J. Toxicol., 8(27), 1203?1208.
  22. (2012). Fish Toxicity Testing Framework: Series on Testing and Assessment, No. 171. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Paris, France.
  23. Omitoyin, B. O., Ajani, E. K. and Fajimi, O. A. (2006). Toxicity Gramoxone (paraquat) to juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Am. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 1(1), 26?30.
  24. Oulmi, Y., Negele, R. D., and Braunbeck, T. (1995). Cytopathology of Liver and Kidney in Rainbow-Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss After Long-Term Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Linuron. Dis. Aquat. Organ., 21(1), 35?52. http://doi.org/10.3354/dao021035
  25. Patil, V. K., and David, M. (2008). Behaviour and Respiratory Dysfunction as an Index of Malathion Toxicity in the Freshwater Fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Turkish Turkish J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 8(2), 233?237.
  26. Patnaik, B. B., Hongray Howrelia, J., Mathews, T., and Selvanayagam, M. (2011). Histopathology of gill, liver, muscle and brain of Cyprinus carpio communis L. exposed to sublethal concentration of lead and cadmium. African J. Biotechnol., 10(57), 12218?12223. http://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.1910
  27. Rao, J. V. (2008). Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity as a Potential Biomarker for the Rapid Assessment of Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in a Euryhaline Fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Environmental Bioindicators, 3(1), 11?22. http://doi.org/10.1080/15555270701779478
  28. Rao, J. V., Begum, G., Pallela, R., Usman, P. K. and Rao, R. N. (2005). Changes in behavior and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis in response to the sub-lethal exposure to chlorpyrifos. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2(3), 478?483. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005030013
  29. Richmonds, C. and Dutta, H. M. (1992). Effect of malathion on the optomotor behavior of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Comp., 102(3), 523?526. http://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(92)90153-X
  30. Safahieh, A., Jaddi, Y., Yavari, V. and Zadeh, R. S.,(2012). Sub-Lethal Effects of Herbicide Paraquat on Hematological Parameters of Benny Fish Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi. In 2nd International Conference on Biotechnology and Environment Management (Vol. 42, pp. 141?145). Singapore: IACSIT Press. http://doi.org/10.7763/IPCBEE.
  31. Saglio, P. and Trijasse, S. (1998). Behavioral Responses to Atrazine and Diuron in Goldfish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 35, 484?491.
  32. Scremin, O. U., Chialvo, D. R., Lavarello, S., Berra, H. H. and Lucero, M. A. (2011). The environmental pollutant endosulfan disrupts cerebral cortical function at low doses. Neurotoxicology, 32(1), 31?37. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.001
  33. Shiogiri, N. S., Paulino, M. G., Carraschi, S. P., Baraldi, F. G., da Cruz, C. and Fernandes, M. N. (2012). Acute exposure of a glyphosate-based herbicide affects the gills and liver of the Neotropical fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 34(2), 388?396. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2012.05.007
  34. Silva, C., Oliveira, C., Gravato, C. and Almeida, J. R. (2013). Behaviour and biomarkers as tools to assess the acute toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene in the common prawn Palaemon serratus. Mar. Environ. Res., 90, 39?46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.05.010
  35. Singh, R. N., Pandey, R. K., Singh, N. N. and Das, V. K. (2009). Acute Toxicity and Behavioral Responses of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (Linn.) to an Organophosphate (Dimethoate). World Journal of Zoology, 4(2), 70?75.
  36. Stephan, C. E. (1977). Methods for calculating an LC50. In Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation (pp. 65?84). American Society for Testing and Materials.
  37. Suvetha, L., Ramesh, M. and Saravanan, M. (2010). Influence of cypermethrin toxicity on ionic regulation and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity of a freshwater teleost fish Cyprinus carpio. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 29(1), 44?49. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2009.09.005
  38. Tilak, K. S., Veeraiah, K. and Milton, P. R. J. (2007). Effects of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate on hemoglobin content and oxygen consumption of freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus). J. Environ. Biol., 28(1), 45?47.
  39. USEPA, (2002). Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms 5th ed. United Stated Environmental Protection Agency.
  40. Yilmaz, M., G?l, A. and Karak?se, E. (2004). Investigation of acute toxicity and the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2H2O) metal salt on behavior of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Chemosphere, 56(4), 375?380. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.067.

[Nor Azri Shah Norhan, Nurul Ulfah Karim, Hassan Mohd Daud, Anur Abdalah Nagi Melad, Mohd Ihwan Zakariah and Marina Hassan (2019); BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF ANABAS TESTUDINEUS (BLOCH 1792) TOWARDS SUBLETHAL PARAQUAT EXPOSURE Int. J. of Adv. Res. 7 (Nov). 1-7] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com


Marina Hassan
Institute of Tropical Aquaculture, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

DOI:


Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/9967      
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/9967