DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT OF OUT MIGRATION FROM RATNAGIRI DISTRICT

Rahul v. Thoke. This paper aims to study demographic impact of migration in Ratnagiri District. process of economic development makes impact on population size and features of population. At the same time quantity and quality of labour force determines level of economic development. Since Ratnairi is a hilly area ,there is shortage of cultivable lands and natural constraints on creating transport facilities this resulted in low pace of industrialization and agriculture development. Because of unemployment and lack of economic opportunities in the district, people have tendency to migrate metropolitan cities like Mumbai, pune, etc. for getting employment opportunities. Out migration has affected demographic features of the district. such as high sex ratio, increasing share of aging population ,decreasing share of working population,etc.

This paper aims to study demographic impact of migration in Ratnagiri District. process of economic development makes impact on population size and features of population. At the same time quantity and quality of labour force determines level of economic development. Since Ratnairi is a hilly area ,there is shortage of cultivable lands and natural constraints on creating transport facilities this resulted in low pace of industrialization and agriculture development. Because of unemployment and lack of economic opportunities in the district, people have tendency to migrate metropolitan cities like Mumbai, pune, etc. for getting employment opportunities. Out migration has affected demographic features of the district. such as high sex ratio, increasing share of aging population ,decreasing share of working population,etc.

Demografic impact of outmigration in ratnagiri district:-
Ratnagiri is a economically backward district. There is no industrial as well as agricultural development. There are many constrains viz. natural, economical, political, etc. Therefore unemployed persons have to migrate for job. Mostly people from this district prefer to go Mumbai or Pune for getting job. Because of migration various economical and social problems have been created. The dependence of workers on agriculture is significantly higher (73%) in coastal Maharashtra compared with other areas. Ratnagiri is a rural district.only 11.3 ℅ population was living in urban area by the Census 2001. Among 9 tahsils 2 tahsils Madangad and Sangmeshwar have no urban population. The tahsils Mandangad and Sangameshwar do not have urban area.
Migration has impact on both origin and destination area.Impact of migration can be broadly categorized in two part I.e.favourable and adverse impact.Further impacts of migration can be classify into social impact,economic impact, demographic impact and cultural impact.
Out migration has affected demographic features of the district. such as high sex ratio, increasing share of aging population ,decreasing share of working population. This changes in population Characteristics have taken place because of out migration and low level of economic development.
Migration affects demographic features of origin as well as destination area. this changes in population characteristics retard process of development and also creates so many social, economical problems. Topic  India   1971  1981  1991  2001  2011  548159652  683329097  846421039  1028737436  1,210,193,422  Maharashtra  50412235  62782818  78937187  96878627  11,2400000  Ratnagiri  1278742  1379655  1544057 16,96,777 1,615,069 (Source : census 2011) According to the 2001 Census, total population of ratnagiri district was 1,696,777 and in 2011 the total population of the district was 1,615,069. Population of ratnagiri district has been decreased by 4.82% compared to population in 2001. In the previous census of India 2001. It was increased by 9.89% compared to population in 1991.

Growth rate of population:-
There is lower population growth rate in rural area of India with compared to urban area because of migration. Ratnagiri is a rural district therefore growth rate of population in ratnagiri is also very low. Even as per census 2011,population growth rate was negative in Ratnagiri district.
Men migrate from rural area to urban area by alone and left behind their spouse in villages.therefore fertility rate decreases in rural area .because most of the fertility period they spend separately. Growth rate of population depends upon fertility rate. growth rate of population has been low it show the low low fertility rate in Ratnagiri district. The density of population is lower i.e.197 which means 197 people live in per sq. km area in Ratnagiri district as against 315 for Maharashtra. There are many reasons of low density.Such as most of the area of district is hilly forest covered. Due to natural constraints economic opportunities are very few. Therefore most of the youth prefer to migrate. As a result density of the district is low as compared to Maharashtra state.
Youth population :-Due to migration changes occurs in age structure of population in both areas. Share of aged people in total population increases but share of youth population decreases at origin.Because there is high tendency in young male population to migrate. It can be seen in following table,by 2011 census,proportion of youth population in total population was 16.7% in Ratnagiri district where as it was 19.3% for Maharashtra state.Hence problem of brain drain and scarcity of labour create at origin area.As a result production in agriculture sector and other business decreases. While, at destination place there is excess supply of labour which could not get job hence unemployment problem creates. Above table shows the sex ratio for the ratnagiri district and the Maharashtra state. According to 2011 Census, a sex ratio of the district is 1123.which means there are 1123 females behind per 1000 males in the district.The sex ratio in Ratnagiri district has remained higher than that of state since 1901. Sex ratio of the state level declined by 56 points and at district level it increased by 17 points during the last 100 years. It is this because of a large scale of male population in the district migrate to metro politant city for employment opportunity.
Because of migration sex ratio increases at origin area means from where migration takes place, As male population have high tendency to migrate therefore at origin area share of female population increases. But sex ratio decreases at destination place where migration takes place.In developing country people migrate from rural to urban area in search of employment opportunity.Therefore in India sex ratio in rural area is higher than that of urban area. Economic activities may be classify in four categories namely cultivators , agricultural labourers, household industry workers and other workers . Agriculture is the main economic activity of the district. Since 66.1% of the workers (cultivators -52.7℅ and agricultural labourers -13.4℅) are engaged in agriculture in the district. The remaining 2% of workers are engaged in household industry and 31.9℅ are other workers.