EFFECT OF SINGLE SUPER PHOSPHATE ON HISTOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FISH CHANNA STRIATUS.

The present study was conducted on 12 fish divided into 2 groups the control and experimental. Experimental fish were given SSP, dissolved in water 400mg/l (wt/vol). Recorded observations revealed that the fish tissues liver, gill and kidney cyto architectural changes at the end of15 days of exposure to SSP, damage at tissue level leading to abnormalities in histology and there was not much change in controls

The present study was conducted on 12 fish divided into 2 groups the control and experimental. Experimental fish were given SSP, dissolved in water 400mg/l (wt/vol). Recorded observations revealed that the fish tissues liver, gill and kidney cyto architectural changes at the end of15 days of exposure to SSP, damage at tissue level leading to abnormalities in histology and there was not much change in controls Copy Right, IJAR, 2019,. All rights reserved.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:-
Histopathology deals with the study of pathological changes induced in the microscopic structure of the body tissues. Any change in cells may indicate presence of disease caused by infections, pollutants, or toxicants. Thus the study of histopathology is important in the diagnosis and prevention of diseases. In fishes it is observed that internal and external organs are affected due to many pollutants causing loss of equilibrium, increase in gill opercular moments leading to even death. Thus histo pathological study can be considered as one of the important tools in assessing the toxic effects of chemicals. Histological techniques have been used to evaluate unknown effects of heavy metals, fertilizers in the aquatic ecosystems (Roberts 2001, Riba et.al, 2005, Altinok and Capkin (2007. Histo pathological biomarkers can be the indicators of anthropogenic, activities. Pollutant effects on organism are reflection of the overall health of the entire population in the aquatic ecosystem. The alternations in cells and tissues in fish are recurrently used as biomarkers in many studies. The histopathology provides information to detect effects of irritants in various organs (Johnson et. al, 1993). Exposure of fish to chemical contaminants is likely to induce a number of lesions in different organs. Gills, Kidney, Liver are suitable organs for histological examination in order to determine the effect of pollution. Reports on toxicity of inorganic fertilizers are available and are given as chronic exposure to ammonia can damage liver, gills and kidney (Flis-1968). Fish liver histopathology is an indicator of general health condition of fish and levels of toxic effects. Liver of fish is responsible for digestion, filteration and storage of glycogen (Atif, Naggar 2009). Liver also produces many enzymes that stored in the gall bladder, and also helps in the storage of energy (Tayel, et. al. 2008). The normal liver is made up of condensed mass of hepatocytes arranged in irregular cells which are polygonal in shape with distinct nuclei large numbers of blood sinusoids were also present around the hepatocytes .control liver section of fish showed hepatocyte and other cells systematically arranged.
Thus in the present study after exposing fish to sub lethal concentration400mg/l of single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizer histological alterations were studied.

Material and Methods:-
Channa striatus weighing approximately 650g -700g were obtained from a standard reputed fish farm of Rajendranagar, Hyderabad T.S India. 2 different groups of 12 fish in each group were maintained as, group I control and group II as experimental exposed to 400mg/l (w/v) SSP (dissolved in water) for 15 days. The fish were maintained under laboratory condition in a controlled environment. The fish were kept at 30º±2ºC temperature and perfect conditions of aeration.. To study the histological changes in liver, gill and kidney, after stipulated period of exposure toSSP, tissues were dissected out from control and experimental fishes and were fixed in biuon's fluid. The tissue samples were then processed routinely for paraffin embedding technique. Embedded tissues were sectioned at 6μ and stained with haematoxylin and eosin as per the method of Woods and Ellis (1994). The stained sections were examined under high power microscope and micro photographed (110x)

Fig 4 :
Section of gill showing changes in gill rachis ,primary gill lamellae, and secondary gill lamellae exposed to single super phosphate. H& E X 110.

Result And Discussion:-
The over all observed results in the present investigation indicated marked histopathological changes in liver, gill, and kidney of fish exposed to sub lethal concentrations of single super phosphate. After exposing fish to fertilizer SSP, histological lesions were observed in all the three tissues.
In case of liver the control liver exhibited normal structure and systematic arrangement of hepatocytes, where as treated fish liver exhibited rupture of blood vessels, piknosis, mild necrosis and vacuolization.
Similarly normal structure of kidney cells were observed in control fishes where as SSP treated kidney cells exhibited alternations such as vacuolation, degeneration of kidney tubules and haematopoitic cells, necrosis and hemorrhages.
The sections of gill showed normal structure with filament and cartilagenous gill bar and secondary lamellae. The ssp treated fish gills exhibited edema of gills, changes in secondary lamellae and primary lamella along with loss of epithelial cells. Histopathological changes in fish gills were used as bio-monitoring effects of various aquatic pollution. The pathological alterations in the present study showed erosion of gill matting of gill filaments, necrosis and vascular congestion.
Similar studies were observed in cat fish exposed to fertilizer ammonium sulphate (Paul and Bannerjee 1997), according to this study cat fish exposed to Ammonium sulphate, exhibited corrosive action of inorganic fertilizer on opercular linings. And it was also observed alternations such as hyperplasia of epithelial cells.
Appearance of vacuoles in the hepato cytes of fish were reported by (Matton and Lehman 1969;Smith and Piper, 1975) when fish exposed to pesticides, similarly (Martino 1973) reported Vacuolation or degeneration of liver cells in anabas fish when exposed to furadan. Deori and Wagh( 2012) studied histopathological changes liver of fish Channa gachua and observed vacuolation in cytoplasm, degeneration of nuclei, vacuolation in stroma, cloudy swelling necrosis rupture of blood sinusoids and loss of shape of hepatocytes and severity of damage were found to be dose dependent of time of exposure of heavy metal.

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As per the reports of (Shaik Salahuddin et.al 2014) fresh water fish oreochromis mosambicus exposed to Ammonium sulphate for 30 days inhibited fusion of gill lamellae, Hypertrophy and degeneration of epithelium of gill, and vacuolation generation of hepatocyte and disintegration of cell boundaries of hepathocytes were prominently observed.
Atif Nagger (2009) reported Histo pathological alterations in liver of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to heavy metals, causing congesion and branching, anastamosis, hemorrhage, haemolysis of liver tissue. Butchiram, et.al (2009) reported histopathological changes in liver, gill and kidney and Channa punctatus exposed to herbicides alachlor showed gill necrosis fusion and atrophy of primary and secondary gill lamellae. Tissue damages like formation of vacuoles rupture of blood vessels, deposition of hepatic chords of liver, changes in kidney, leading to necrosis, swelling of renal tubules and cellular Hypertrophy. Olojo et. al (2005) reported African cat fish Clarius garietinus exposed to lead showed histopathological changes of gill and liver tissues and from his results it was observed that distortion of gill, liver was proportional to exposure period and concentrations of the metal lead used in his experiment. He has also reported progressive architectural distortion in gill tissue, along with degeneration of epithelial cells followed by arterial rupture and ischemia and the activity of fishes were totally slowed down due to damage of gill tissue.