CLIMATE CHANGES AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE OF NORTHERN TELANGANA ZONE.

...................................................................................................................... Introduction:Climate change scenarios include higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, and higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations which may affect on yield (both quality and quantity), growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability, through changes of water use (irrigation) and agricultural inputs such as herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers etc. Environmental effects such as frequency and intensity of soil drainage (leading to nitrogen leaching), soil erosion, land availability, reduction of crop diversity may also affect agricultural productivity.and its effect on Biodiversity.

1738 coastal areas Agriculture is one of the critical areas vulnerable to Climate Change. Climate change in terms of rainfall variability is considered to be the greatest challenge. Both climate variability and change can lead to severe impacts on rainfed farming reducing yields and profitability.
The year to year variations in SouthWest monsoon rainfall are directly affecting the production and productivity of rain-fed crops in Telangana. Moisture stress due to prolonged dry spells or thermal stress due to heat wave conditions also significantly affect the crop productivity when they occur in critical life stages of the crop . About 55.49% of state's population in Telangana is dependent on agriculture & allied sectors for their livelihoods. Agriculture in Telangana is dependent on rainfall. The average annual rainfall in the state is about 906 mm, 80 percent of which is received from the South-West monsoon (AGRI. ACTION PLAN (2016 -17) of Telangana) Aim and objectives of study:-1. To Developing short-duration crop varieties that can mature before the peak heat phase set in. 2. Farmers can adapt to climate changes to some degree by shifting planting dates, choosing varieties with different growth duration, or changing crop rotations 3. To efficiency of water use, weather advisories to farmers, information on market prices etc. 4. To analysis various suitable agriculture techniques. 5. Find out environmentally suitable and economically affordable agriculture methods 6. To develop climate-resilient crop varieties that can tolerate higher temperatures, drought and salinity 7. .To study farmers problem and suggest solution to them. 8. Intensify the food production system by improving the technology and input delivery system. 9. To study various agriculture method in the study area.

Study area:-
The Northern Telangana semiarid zone lies between 17° 42' and 19° 84' N Latitude ., and 77° 38' and 81 ° 16' E Longitude . at 160 to 660 m above height . This zone includes the districts of Adilabad (Adilabad, Komurambhim, Manchiriala, Nirmal), Karimnagar (Karimnagar, Jagtial, peddapalli, Rajanna Siricilla), Nizamabad (Nizamabad, Kamareddy), with Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial as Regional headquarters. The annual average rainfall is 900 to 1150 mm mostly from south-west monsoon. The maximum and minimum temperature during south-west monsoon ranges from 32°C to 37°C and 21°C to 25°C respectively. Red soils are predominant in the zone which includes chalkas, red sandy, deep red loamy and very deep black cotton soils are also seen in some parts of the zone. This zone has a total geographical area of 35.5 lakh ha. The climate is typically tropical rainy. The meanannual precipitation ranges from 900 to 1150 mm with 82 per cent of rainfall from south west monsoon. The net sownarea is 2.21 m. ha. of which 0.67 m. ha. is irrigated representing 30.3 per cent of the net sown area. The major crops grown in the zone are rice, sugarcane, jowar, pulses,maize, cotton, groundnut, turmeric and chillies and others.Cropping intensity is 110 per cent. Wells are the main source of irrigation followed by canals. Red chalka soils are predominant. Headquarter of northern telangana claimate zone is Jagtial(polasa). Important crop grown Rice, maize, soybean, cotton, redgram, turmeric.
Telangana State has been divided into four agro-climatic zones based on the geographical characteristics such as rainfall, nature of soils, climate etc. The agricultural planning for each zone is supported with the research and recommendations of Regional Analysis of data -Study area map will be papered with the help of GIS software, questionnaires' will be prepared to take farmers interview, collected primary and secondary data will be assigned in Microsoft-Excel. Chart, Diagrams and tables will be prepared to represent data. Asia has gone through cultural and ecological destruction. Writer has taken Panjab state for case study. Panjab is one of the rich state in India with high per capita income. Panjab crisis was mostly related to green revolution. Green revolution was decorated by ford foundation, world bank and Rockefeller to gain profit. Panjab crisis though it looks religious it has root in economics and politics. Panjab is one of the richest state in India with high per capita income and high grain production. Green revolution was considered as strategy of development in rural India but after two decades political, ecological and cultural coast of green revolution became visible. Reducing material has gave rise to political conflicts. Like colonization third world countries are fighting new colonization which is associated with biotechnology and their indigenous seeds. In 1970 Norman Borlaug was awarded for Nobel prize for his contribution for food and nutrition, it was known by the world as a miracle seed. It gave rise to green revolution. India is host country for the green revolution. Green revolution was flourished in Panjab but after two decades it is resulted in unfertile soil, water logged lands, crops with various diseases .

Effects Of Climate Change On Agriculture Sector
According to A K Singh, deputy director-general (natural resource management) of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), medium-term climate change predictions have projected the likely reduction in crop yields due to climate change at between 4.5 and 9 per cent by 2039. The long run predictions paint a scarier picture with the crop yields anticipated to fall by 25 per or more by 2099. With 27.5% of the population still below the poverty line, reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change is essential. Indian food production must increase by 5 million metric tons per year to keep pace with population increase and ensure food security. Coping with the impact of climate change on agriculture will require careful management of resources like soil, water and biodiversity. To cope with the impacts of climate change on agriculture and food production, India will need to act at the global, regional, national and local levels.
Anupama Mahato (2014) Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture in this article The greenhouse effect is a natural process that plays a major part in shaping the earth's climate. It produces the relatively warm and hospitable environment near the earth's surface where humans and other life-forms have been able to develop and prosper. However, the increased level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) etc) due to anthropogenic activities has contributed to an overall increase of the earth's temperature, leading to a global warming. The average global surface temperature have increased by 0.74 oC since the late 19th Century and is expected to increase by 1.4 oC -5.8 oC by 2100 AD with significant regional variations (IPCC, 2007). The atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased from 280 ppm to 395 ppm, CH4 concentration increased from 715 ppb to 1882 ppb and N2O concentration from 227 ppb to 323 ppb from the year 1750 and 2012. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of these gases i.e, CO2, CH4 and N2O are 1, 25 and 310 respectively, Corals in Indian Ocean will be soon exposed to summer temperatures that will exceed the thermal thresholds observed over the last 20 years. Annual bleaching of corals will become almost a certainty from 2050. Currently the districts of Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapara in Odisha; Nellore and Nagapattinam in Tamilnadu . Over 50% of India's forests are likely to experience shift in forest types, adversely impacting associated biodiversity, regional climate dynamics as well as livelihoods based on forest products. Even in a relatively short span of about 50 years, most of the forest biomass in India seems to be highly vulnerable to the projected change in climate.
The comprehensive work on history of Agriculture Geography has been carried out by Alka Gautam (2012). She described as Agriculture geography is one of the most important branch of Human Geography, previously it was studied under economic geography. During the second world war great destruction made world pathetic. The world war was resulted in Great depression in 1920 and food scarcity. This situation moved scientist from technology research to agriculture research. Since that time agriculture geography is flourished, before that agriculture was noted by Arab Geographer, Indian geographer and Chinese geographer but never studied in detail, they just explained cropping pattern and dominant crops in the world. Arthur young 1770 produced first book in agriculture geographer. Humboldt a visionary geographer visited many places in the world and he wrote first scientific book using regional approach and inductive method called "Land Use in Cuba and South America" (1807). Schwenz (1816) gave first account of spatial distribution of crops. Agriculture regionalization was made by Jonsson (1926).
the mixture of Bordeaux. Sustainable agriculture is conservation of non-renewable resources like soil, water, energy and minerals but also issues environment, economic and social sustainability. Canadian farmer adopted organic farming for profit. stolze explain that regulation of inputs and outcome of environmental or resources use. soil association 1990 stated that avoidance of soluble mineral salt and prohibition of agrochemical pesticides are two major characteristics of organic farming. Energy and thermodynamics has played important role development ecological economics as stated by Costanza 1991. They came to the conclusion that mixed cropping system is useful for pest control. Farmers takes ginger and turmeric crop and plants castor for protection from disease and provide shade. Crop combination is also one of the technique in which they suggested natural pest control such as wheat and chickpea crop combination to protect wheat from rat. Crops growing period is also important, marginal farmers takes early maturing verity with main crop. Sorghum, Kakimuttani Jonna and black gram grows early and less suffer by scarcity of water. Deccan plateau is rich in biodiversity so lots of verity of sorghum, millets, pigeon pea, groundnut, sugarcane and mongo. Shamsuddinapur village women produced local seeds. Farmers should take into consideration the qualities like highly ranked seed test, early maturity and capacity to withstand to late rain.
Soil and water quality issues vis-a-vis agriculture management practice in Deccan plateau is studied by Sahrawat K.L, Murugappan at all. (2006). They focused on proper strategy to improve agriculture on Deccan plateau. Mining and erosion are major problem associated with soil. Agriculture productivity should not effect on soil quality. The main aim of the paper is to find out impact of agriculture practice on soil and water quality. Soil quality management and crop selection is very useful for sustainable development. They have explained water holding capacity, bulk density, total porosity, air filled porosity, hydraulic conductivity, crusting sealing and soil depth are greatly influenced on root development of crops. According to VijayaLaxmi 1987 Soil erosion offered poor root growth. Several land treatments like contour bunds, field bunds, graded bunds have been evaluated for soil and water conservation in the red soil on Deccan plateau. According to Hegade (1987) small land holding and community work restrict the soil and water conservation efforts. The article gave evidence of the study conducted by ICRISAT for 23 year in the field shows that management in practices given positive changes in physical property of soil like Porosity, Bulk density, penetration resistant was lower and air filled porosity was higher. Even study of two soil of different texture in Hyderabad shown application of pearl millet has improved physical property of soil. Soil loss has impact on not only on soil quality but also water quality (Sahrawat et al). according to kurothe et al 2001 contour cultivation, contour bunds, graded bunds, Nala building, checkdams and farm pond to achieve higher production in the area. Integrated project of ICRISAT and Telangana Rural livelihood project they found that Deccan Plateau region is more suitable for cereal production. Earthworm distribution is more in undisturbed area than cultivated area and earthworm number was decreased due to carbofuran insecticide and herbicide was noted by Reddy in 1995. article explain about water quality by clarity, sediment, dissolved solid and organic and inorganic material. Even chemical property like salinity, aikinite, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, prosperous, heavy metal, pesticide another toxic compound. Panjab agriculture university has shown in Ludhiana that high fertilizer use has leads to more concentration of nitrate in water. The given article is precise information about importance of water and soil in agriculture. It explains its pollution, causes and impact on the production. In the same article, they have suggested various finding how to tackle problem like erosion, pollution, conservation. So, overall It concludes that the given article is full estimation on soil and water. Agriculture production is depended on soil quality and water quality.
Carrol and Risch has been given different approach of sustainable development, are integrated crop management, low input agriculture, low input sustainable agriculture, agroecology, permaculture, biodynamic farming. This method was developed by many scientists. Authorities states that aim of farming is create integrated human, environmentally and economically sustainable development system. Which maximize renewable resources and biological and ecological process and interaction. To provide acceptable crop production, livestock, human nutrition, protection from pest and diseases and appropriate return to human and other resources. Organic farming is a similar world to sustainable agriculture but some says it is a misleading concept. Nitrate losses, soil erosion is major problem of agriculture. Pretty explain that organic farming has negative impact as leaching of nitrates from the field of legumes, Land degradation has resulted in decrease in cultivation area, low productivity of livestock. Finally, they concluded that Land degradation can be controlled by soil conservation, better management of grazing system and protection of sensitive area. It can be done by understanding its cause impact and degree and its acquaintances with climate, water, land cover and social economic factor. Here need to prepare strategy for mixed crop livestock system, grazing land, woodlands, soil management.
Above research are contemporary research. They are dealing with new techniques in agriculture. Its shows the recent trend in agriculture. So, the study of recent trends in agriculture is useful to find solution to the framer's problem by finding out the best agriculture techniques and method, which are affordable, environment friendly and economically profitable.

Scope of methodology:-
In India there is different types of farming exist. Selecting genotype in crops that have a higher per day yield potential to counter yield loss from heat-induced reduction in growing periods. Efficient water use such as frequent but shallow irrigation, drip and sprinkler irrigation for high value crops, irrigation at critical stagesThese innovative methods will be studied. It will help to farmer to spread their knowledge to other farmers. Field study will be carried out to know actual situation of this methods. Soil samples will be collected from the farm. Tahsil wise data will be collected from tehsil office from the study area. Statistical method will be used to find profit from these methods. Study area map will be used to show the distribution of physiography, climate, soil and crop distribution in the study area. Final conclusion will be shown with help of pie diagrams, charts, bar diagrams. Tables will be made to show calculation of the data.
Relevance of anticipated outcomes:-1. Participatory and formal plant breeding to develop climate-resilient crop varieties that can tolerate higher temperatures, drought and salinity. 2. To know efficient water use such as frequent but shallow irrigation, drip and sprinkler irrigation for high value crops, irrigation at critical stages. 3. To know Seasonal weather forecasts could be used as a supportive measure to optimize planting and irrigation patterns. 4. Environment friendly method. 5. Economically affordable.
Proposed outcomes from the research:-Guide to farmers to obtain Low input method with More output. Developing short-duration crop varieties. suggest to the Farmers can adapt to climate changes and they shifting planting dates and changing crop rotations. Selecting genotype in crops that have a higher per day yield potential to counter yield loss from heat-induced reduction in growing periods. Suggest environment friendly method for sustainable developmen.

Conclusion:-
Climate change, the outcome of the "Global Warming" has now started showing its impacts worldwide. Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity which directly impact on food production across the globe. Agriculture sector is the most sensitive sector to the climate changes because the climate of a region/country determines the nature and characteristics of vegetation and crops. Increase in the mean seasonal temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce final yield. Food production systems are extremely sensitive to climate changes like changes in temperature and precipitation, which may lead to outbreaks of pests and diseases thereby reducing harvest ultimately affecting the food security of the country. The net impact of food security will depend on the exposure to global environmental change and the capacity to cope with and recover from global environmental change. Coping with the impact of climate change on agriculture will require careful management of resources like soil, water and biodiversity. To cope with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food production.