INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR SPRAY BY ALGAE EXTRACT AND AMINO ACID ON BOTANICAL CHARACTERS AND SEED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMMON BEAN PLANT (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)

Azza M. Salama 1 , Samah N. Azoz 1 and Ahmed M. El-Taher 2 . 1. Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 2. Department of Agricultural Botany, General Botany Branch, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azahr University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 05 February 2019 Final Accepted: 07 March 2019 Published: April 2019

265 al., 2009). Seaweed extracts are biodegradable, non-toxic, non-polluting extract and nonhazardous to humans, animals and birds (Dhargalkar and Pereira, 2005). More than 15 million tons of seaweed products are used annually as nutrient supplements and biostimulants in agriculture and horticulture crop production; application of seaweed extracts enhances seed germination and seedling vigour (Economou et al., 2007). Seaweed extract could serve as an alternative biofertilizer as it is eco-friendly, cheapest, deliver substantial economic and environmental benefits to farmers (Kumar and Sahoo 2011). Exogenous application of seaweed extract has already been shown to enhance plant growth, yield and its quality (Abou El-Yazied et al., 2012).
Amino acids as organic nitrogenous compounds are well known to stimulate cell growth and acting as buffers maintaining favorable pH value within the plant cell as well as synthesizing other organic compounds ( Thereby, due to the high economic value of common bean plants, (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) the present study aimed to evaluate the promoter effects of alga extract and amino acids to increase growth and seed yield parameters as well as chemical constituents of common bean cv. "Giza 6".

Materials and Methods:-
Field experiment was conducted at Zawiat Riziyn village (Private Farm), Menouf, El-Menoufiya Governorate, through the two successive seasons of 2017/2018 to study the impact of foliar application with algae extract, amino acid and the mixture between them on growth and seed yield parameters, anatomical structure, as well as chemical constituents of common bean cv. "Giza 6".
Common bean seeds were sown on 2 nd September in both seasons. After 25 days from sowing, the plants were thinned to one plant/hill. The experiment layout was randomized complete block design of three replicates. Each replicate was comprised of six plots, each plot representing one treatment. The plot including 6 rows of 2m in length and 70cm in between, with 15cm hill spacing. Three seeds grown per hill. The treatments were; tap water "control"; alga extract at 1.0 ml/l; amino acids at 4.0 ml/l, 6.0 ml/l and 8.0 ml/l; mixture of alga extract at 1ml/l with amino acid at 6.0 ml/l. The treatments were applied twice; at 30 and 45 days after sowing. Random samples were taken from each plot at 60 days after sowing to record the morphological characters. At harvest (90 days), samples were randomly taken from each pot to determine the yield characters. All plants received recommended dose of NPK fertilizers

3-Anatomical studies
A microscopical study was carried out to investigate the anatomical structure of the stem, represented by the 4 th internodes counted from the plant tip and the lamina of the terminal leaflet of the corresponding compound leaf at the age of 60 days, according to Nassar and El-Sahhar (1998).

4-Chemical analysis of seeds a. Mineral elements content
At the harvest time in both seasons, samples from the mature dried seeds were subjected to determine; total nitrogen (N) and multiplied it with 6.25 to get the crude protein in seeds. Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) were determined and calculated as percentage of dry weight according to (A.O.A.C., 1999), at Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University Research Park (CURP).

b. Determination of amino acids
Amino acids were extracted according to the methods described by Csomos and Simon-Sarkadi (2002) and Shalabia (2011) and measured using Amino Acid Analyzer (AAA 400 INGOS Ltd) at Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University Research Park (CURP).

5-Statistical analysis
All collected data were subjected to statistical analysis as proposed by Gomez and Gomez (1984) and means were compared by LSD at 5% level of probability.

1-Morphological and yield characters:
Foliar spray with all tested concentrations of amino acids and algae extract showed obvious effect on all vegetative growth and seed yield characters of common bean plants. The only exception was the number of seeds/pod which did not affected by any of the three tested concentrations of amino acids or algae extract in the two growing seasons. It is clear from Table (1) Table (2) showed that the maximum significant increase in number of pods/plant, specific weight of 100 seeds/plant and seeds yield/ plant were achieved at 1ml/l alga extract mixed with 6 ml/l amino acid, being 66.7, 24.1 and 73.4 % more than control, respectively in the 1 st season. The same trend was observed in the 2 nd season, whereas the percentages of increases were 58. 8

2-Chemical analysis of seeds: a-Mineral elements content
Data presented in Table (

b-Amino acids Content
Analysis of amino acids in common bean seeds detected nine types. These types were divided into essential amino acids i.e., Tryptophan, Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine and Valine, and non essential amino acids; i.e., Tyrosine, Arginine, Alanine, Glutamic acid ( Table 4). The common bean seeds contain high concentration of Glutamic acid; moderate concentration of Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Arginine, Alanine and Valine, and low concentration of Tryptophan.
Regarding to spraying with various concentrations of amino acids or algae extract on the amino acids content of common bean seeds, the obtained results showed that foliar spraying with mixture of 1 ml/l algae extract with 6 ml/l amino acids caused a marked increase in the concentration of Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Alanine and Valine comparing with the control plants. The increases percentage in the amino acids content reached about 154.5% in Tryptophan, 17.6% in Phenylalanine, 46.4% in Tyrosine, 13.1% in Alanine and 20.0% in Valine compared with untreated plants. Leucine acid recorded the highest value in the control plants. As for Lysine, the highest increase was observed in plants treated with 4 ml/l amino acid. It can be observed that the highest increase in Arginine and Glutamic acid were found in plants sprayed with algae extract and amino acid at 8 ml/l, respectively. 268

3-Anatomical studies a-Stem anatomy
It is obvious from Table (5) and Figure (1) that foliar application with 1ml/l algae extract mixed with 6 ml/l amino acid increased the main stem diameter of common bean plants by 12.33% more than control. Worthy to mention that, increasing stem diameter could be attributed to the prominent increases in most of the included tissues; cortex thickness by 11.48%, phloem by 34.6% and xylem tissues by 11.66% more than control. Also, vessel diameter was increased over the control by 12.50% due to foliar spraying with 1ml/l algae extract mixed with 6 ml/l amino acid. Nevertheless, pith diameter in treated stems was decreased by 8.16% less than that of the control.
In this respect, Salama and Yousef (2015) recorded that foliar applications with seaweed extract at concentration of 1.5 ml/l, increased the main stem diameter, cortex, phloem and xylem tissues more than those of the control, and a decrement in pith thickness was observed less than control. As well as Intedhar and Majeed (2015) on two cultivars of pepper indicated that all seaweed extract concentrations used increased significantly the cortex thickness, the concentration of 6 ml/l gave the higher vascular cylinder thickness. In this concern, Sabh and Shallan   (6) and Figure (2) indicated that spraying 1ml/l algae extract mixed with 6 ml/l amino acid on common bean cv. Giza 6 gave the highest increased in thickness of both midvein and lamina by 8.64 and 21.38% more control, respectively. The promotive effect of spraying 1ml/l algae extract mixed with 6 ml/l amino acid on leaf thickness due to an increase in palisade and spongy tissues by 8.91 and 70% compared to the control; respectively. Likewise, the vascular bundle of the midvein was increased in size as a result of spraying 1ml/l algae extract mixed with 6 ml/l amino acid. The increment was 38.75% in length and it was 4.22% in width more than the control. In this respect, Salama and Yousef (2015) stated that spraying basil plant with seaweed extract at 1.5 ml/l increased thickness of both midvein and lamina of leaf and the increase in lamina thickness was accompanied with increments in thickness of palisade and spongy tissues compared with the control. Likewise, the main vascular bundle of the midvein was increased in length and width, moreover, xylem vessels increased in diameter more than the control.  Table 6: Anatomical measurements (μ) of different tissues of median portion of 4 th internode of common bean plant cv. Giza 6 aged 60 days as affected by mixture of 1 ml/l algae extract and 6 ml/l amino acid.