YIELD OF SEVERAL PAPER CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM L.) VARIETIES AS THE EFFECT BY APPLICATION OF MYCORRHIZA IN SALINE SOIL

Mizan Maulana 1 , Rita Hayati 2 and Bakhtiar Basyah 2 . 1. Master student of Magister Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 23111. 2. Department of Agroecotechnology, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 23111. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 06 February 2019 Final Accepted: 08 March 2019 Published: April 2019


Materials and method:-
The research was conducted at the Experimental Garden, Plant Disease Laboratory and Soil Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh. This research was conducted in August to November 2017. The seeds used in this study were varieties of Perintis varieties, PM 999 and Lado. Mycorrhiza used in this study were mycorrhiza of Glomus sp, Acauluspora sp and mixtures obtained from the Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB), Bogor. Saline soil used in this study was made with a concentration of 5 kg salt solution per 15 liters of water which given to soil as much as 200 ml. The soil has been analyzed with the value of EC (Electrical Conductivity) of 5.5 mS / cm and is included in the very high category according to the soil and plant research laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. The tools used in this research are 15 kg polybag, seed trey, meter bard, caliper, analytical scales, soil sieves, hoes, microscope Nikon SE 102 type Binocular brands, petri dishes, filters paper, tweezers, glass preparations, glass cover, oven, camera and plastic housing as a place to put trial polybags.
The design used in this experiment was a 4 × 3 Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 replications, it had 12 treatment combinations consisting of two treatment factors, namely the first factor type of mycorrhiza and the second factor chili varieties. Data was analited using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 applications.
The green house used is located in the experimental garden at the Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. The soil was taken from Alue Naga Village, Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh. The soil is taken from the top soil layer with a depth of 0-25 cm. Then the soil is sifted using a 2 mm sieve. The media stirred until it homogen. The soil was put in a 15kg polybag and arranged according to the treatment plan. Artificial saline preparation, was done by preparing 5 kg of salt mixed with 15 liters of mineral water stirred until homogenly mixed, the dose of salt solution given is 200 ml per polybag.
Each polybag was given mycorrhiza according to their respective types and controls (without of mycorrhiza addition). Mycorrhiza were placed in planting holes around the root area at a depth of 2-3 cm according to the treatment per plant before the seeds were planted in polybags. Then the planting holes that have been given mycorrhiza were covered again with soil. The application of mycorrhiza was done once during seed planting.
In the experimental polybag prepared and given the treatment of mycorrhiza a planting hole of 2-3 cm deep was made. Each planting hole was planted with 2 seed of chili. Then the planting hole was covered with soil and watered until the field capacity. One plant was selected and then transferred to a 15kg polybag and maintained until harvesting time. Each unit of experimental unit consists of 3 experimental unit polybags Maintenance activities carried out include watering, replanting, pest and disease control.Watering was done every day in the morning and evening. Watering was carried out by using spout until the field capacity. Pest and disease control is carried out by spraying active compound and deltamethrin fungicides when plants were attacked by pests and fungi with a concentration of 2 ml / l water. Harvesting was done after the plants are 90 days old with flushing fruit visilal characteristics 80 percent, Harvesting was done by picking fruit and stalks. Observations were made at harvest at the ages of 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120,125, 130, and 135 Day the day after planting by calculating the total number of red chili peppers.

Fruit weight per plant (g)
Measuring fruit weight was carried out at harvesting time, at the ages of 90, 95, 100, 105,110, 115, 120,125, 130, and 135 day by measuring the weight of chilli plants using analytical scales.

Wet biomass weight (g)
Observation of the plant's wet weight at the time after the age of 135 days it was done by removing the whole part of plant is dismantled and then cleaned the root using water, briefly aerated dried for a while and then the weight was using measure analytical scales.

Dry biomass weight (g)
After the age of 135 day the plants were dried after cutting their roots using an oven for 2 x 24 hours at 60oC to remove the water content and then it measured using analytical scale.

Root wet weight (g)
After the age of 135 day the root is cut at the base of the stem and then cleaned using water until the sticky soil on the root is lost, then weigh was measure using analytical scale.

Root dry weight per plant (g)
After the age of 135 day the cut roots were dried using an oven for 24 hours and then measured using analytical scale.

Root length per plant (g)
Measuring the root length was done twice, at the age of 45 day the root is cut at the base of the stem then cleaned using water until the sticky soil on the root was lost, then measured by the meter land.

Effect of varieties on the yield of chili plants on saline land
The F test results showed that chili varieties had a very significant effect on wet weight, number of fruit crops, dry weight plant fruit, significantly affected plant weight, but it had no significant effect on dry weight, root wet weight, root dry weight, length root. The number of planted fruit in several chili varieties experimented has a significant difference, the PM 999 variety was able to produce more chili fruit at the age of 110 days. The average number of fruit aged 110 HST on various varieties of treatment can be seen in Table 2. Table 2 shows that the average number of fruit crops found in the PM 999 variety is significantly different from the other two varieties. In these data the PM 999 variety is the best although when it compared to other varieties it is not too significant for other parameters of plants in saline soil.  The fruit weight was also greatly affected by the number of fruits, so when viewed from the parameters of the number of fruits, the PM 999 variety clearly has more weight than the Perintis or Lado varieties. that the heaviest weight of the chili fruit plantations was found in the PM 999 varieties which were significantly different from the other two varieties. The average fruit weight of the age of 110 day on various varieties of treatment can be seen in Table 3. Wet biomass plants with haight and a large number of branches will increase the amount of weight of the chili plants, in this case the PM 999 varieties compete with the Lado variety. The average wet weight of the age of 110 day on various varieties of treatment can be seen in Table 4. Table 4 shows that the average wet weight of chili peppers at 110 day tends to be more expressed in the PM 999 variety, even though it is not significantly different from the variety Lado it is significantly different from Perintis varieties. Dried dry weight is dominated by lado varieties because the chili varieties of lado variety contain more water than the PM 999 variety. The average dry weight of the age of 110 day in various varieties can be seen in Table 5. Table  5 shows that the average dry weight chili at the age of 110 day tended to be more severe in Lado varieties, although statistically different but it was not significant with other varieties. Root wet weight is influenced by the number of primary and secondary roots of each variety. The average root wet weight at 110 day at various varieties of treatment can be seen in Table 6. Table 6 shows that the average chili root weight at 110 HST which tends to be heavier was found in the PM 999 treatment although different but is not significant with other varieties. The dry weight of the roots of the Lado variety has a very high moisture content, after drying for 48 hours using an oven with a temperature of 600C. The average root dry weight of 110 day at various varieties of treatment can be seen in Table 7. Table 7 shows that the average dry weight of chili root at the age of 110 HST which tends to be heavier was found in the Lado variety although it is statistically not significantly different from the varieties other. Root length was measured using a ruler, where the root roots of most root hairs were vertically vertical in the PM 999 varieties. The average root length of 110 day at various varieties of treatment can be seen in Table 8. Table 8 shows that the average root length chili at the age of 110 day which tends to be longer found in the variety PM 999, although statistically it is not real different to other varieties.

The effect of the type of mycorrhiza on yields on chili plants on saline land
The F test results showed that the type of mycorrhiza had no significant effect on fruit, wet biomass, dry weight, root weight, plant dry weight, root length of planting. Application of Acauluspora mycorrhiza was able to support chili plants to producing more fruit on of 110 DAP under various species of mycorrhiza (Table 9). Table 9 show that the large average number of chili fruit tunel on Acauluspora mycorrhiza which not significantly different with the mixture types but significantly different to the others treatments Mixed mycorrhiza have a higher average on plant fruit weight followed by other types of mycorrhiza. The average fruit weight in various types of mycorrhiza treatments can be seen in Table 10. Table 10 shows that the average weight of fruit crops that tended to be heavier was found in mixed mycorrhiza, although not statistically different from other treatments. Although the type of mycorrhiza had no significant effect on the wet crop weight, the type of glomus mycorrhiza was able to provide additional hyphae in several plant samples which were able to maximize the development of chili plant stems and branches. The average weighted weight of various types of mycorrhiza treatments can be seen in Table 11. Table 11 shows that the average wet crop weight of chili plants which tends to be heavier is found in the type of glomus mycorrhiza, although it is not statistically significant with other types of mycorrhiza. Glomus type mycorrhiza have a high value on dry biomass weight the average dry weight at age 110 day on various types of mycorrhiza can be seen in Table 12. Table 12 shows that the average dry weight of chili plants at the age of 110 day tends to be more weight was found in the type of glomus mycorrhiza, although statistically different was not significant with other treatments. The type of mycorrhiza had no significant effect on root wet weight at 110 DAP which was dominated by glomus mycorrhiza. The average wet stover weight at the age of 110 DAP in various types of mycorrhiza can be seen in Table 13. Table 13 shows that the average wet root weight of chili plants at the age of 110 day which tends to be heavier is found in glomus mycorrhiza species, although statistically different not real with other treatments. Colonization of glomus mycorrhiza is able to maintain water content in dried roots compared to other types of mycorrhiza. Average dry root weight of 110 DAP in various types of mycorrhiza shown in Table 14. Table 14 shows that the average dry root weight the age of 110 day which tends to be heavier is found in the type of glomus mycorrhiza, although statistically different to another Glomus type mycorrhiza is able to increase the range of roots to capture water and nutrients by extending the roots of the chili plant. The average root length of 110 DAP in various types of mycorrhiza shown in Table 15. Table 15 shows that the average dry root weight at the age of 110 day which tends to be heavier is found in the types of glomus mycorrhiza, although statistically different to another treatment.

Discussion:-
The results of the soil support analysis in table 1 show that the nutrient content in the soil almost has a low nutrient level. N content of 0.06% (very low), P-available 9.15 mg kg-1 (medium), organic C-0.55% (very low), CEC 17.60 410 cmol kg-1 (moderate), pH soil 6.08 (slightly acidic), electrical conductivity of 5.50 (very high) is until the soil grade texture F (sandy clay). In this case the soil contains high levels of saline that can be used in this study, there are some risks that occur in the field where the seed that has been sown does not grow or the simultaneous growth is small. With these soil conditions the application of mycorrhizae is able to help the seeds to grow and germinate in saline land conditions. Availability of P is also in the medium category excluding critical land P. in this case P is sufficiently available to plants in saline soil conditions. The results showed that varieties had a very significant effect on the growth of chili plants. The best varieties of the best generative phase are found in PM 999 varieties which can be seen in the variable number of fruits, weight of fruit, weight of wet berasan, wet weight of roots and length of roots. The best growth of chili plants found in the Lado variety Assessment of the effect of salinity on growth and biochemical attributes in testing five Chilean chili cultivars which leads us to conclude that all parameters considered are significantly affected by salt stress especially at the highest salt levels (Kaouther et al., 2013 ) High salinity can inhibit roots and elongate because it slows the water uptake by plants. shows that salinity can quickly inhibit root growth and its capacity to absorb water and essential mineral nutrients from the soil. Reduction of shoot dry weight can also be associated with reduced leaf production levels, so a low number of leaves causes reduced photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation (Neumann, 1997) Perintis varieties are hybrid varieties that have superior characteristics but in saline land this variety will not good in the growth and yield phases, the fact in the field shows that pioneer variety are not as good as other varieties, Soegito and Adi (1993) state that hybrid varieties have many advantages. Wichis not owned by local varieties, therefore the use of superior hybrid varieties can increase the production of both quantity and quality as well as the level of resistance there are attacks of plant pest organisms and response to fertilization. ) This is in line with Simatupang (1997) which states the production of a variety is due to being able to adapt a variety to its environment, although genotypically other varieties have good potential. According to Adisarwanto (2000), varieties resistance to pest attacks, temperature, soil pH and others. Varieties that are able to survive with environmental conditions and can grow well and superior properties possessed by varieties if planted in optimal conditions will reach the potential results and that is so the apposite.
The difference in the response of each variable in each variety to salinity stress can be caused by differences in the tolerance mechanisms of each variable and the genetic factor of the variety (Kusuma, 2017). Botia et al., (1998) state that differences in salt tolerance levels are not only between different species, but also in the same species. Effect of mycorrhiza species on yield of chili plants on saline land The results of the research showed that the type of mycorrhiza had a significant effect on the number of fruits, but it had no significant effect on other parameters. The growth and yield of chilli plants were best found in the type of mycorrhizal Glomus moseae 10 g / plant. In this case there is a clear difference in plant growth in saline soil conditions between plants with the application of mycorrhizae with plants without the application of mycorrhiza. This research also supports Chandrasekaran (2014) in his research stating that mycorrhiza plants have extensive root properties and morphological properties of mycorrhiza that help absorb more P and K, together with increased production of antioxidant enzymes which result in reduced salt stress and increased biomass of plant.

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According to Evelin et al., (2012) Under the pressure of salt, mycorrhiza plants showed better growth, lower leaf aging, and decreased lipid peroxidation compared to plants without mycorrhiza. Stress salts affect root nodulation and NPK uptake. This effect is attenuated in mycorrhiza plants. The presence of AM fungus prevents excessive absorption of Na + by increasing NaCl in the soil. It also has a regulatory effect on the translocation of Na + ions into buds, thus maintaining lower Na + shoots: root ratio compared to plants without mycorrhiza. According to Porass et al.,(2009) Osmotic pressure caused by NaCl supply reduces stem diameter, but AMF colonization reduces all of these negative effects on growth. G. mosseae is the most efficient fungus in reducing the detrimental effects of salinity; increase shoot growth by 163% and root growth by 295% in non-saline medium, and 239% (shoot) and 468% (root) under saline conditions. The mutualistic symbiotic relationship makes them both benefit for their lives. There are five benefits of mycorrhiza for the development of host plants, which increase nutrient absorption from the soil, as a biological barrier to root pathogen infections, increase host resistance to drought, increase growth booster hormones, and ensure the implementation of biochemical activities (Madjid, 2009). Mycorrhiza fungus can help encourage soil aggregation so that it can increase aeration, water absorption and soil stability. In addition, mycorrhiza fungi also play a role in controlling plant diseases. This is because this fungus uses more carbohydrates than roots, before being released in the form of root exudates, which can produce antibiotics, and spur the development of saprophytic microbes around the root area, so that pathogens are not able to develop (Talanca and Adnan, 2005). This is in line with Ronco et al., (2018) which states that Horticulture is the best field for the use of AMF for nurseries. There are two main benefits of introducing mycorrhiza fungi to horticulture plants, which are stronger growth in nurseries and improved performance after planting in the field. Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most common plants produced in nurseries, and one of the most important in Argentina's horticultural region.

Conclusion:-
Varieties significantly influencing the wet stover weight of 110 DAP, the number of fruit per plant 110 DAP, dry weight of plant fruit 110 DAP, significantly affected the fruit weight of per 110 DAP. The best chilli yield is found in PM 999 variety.
The type of mycorrhiza has a very significant effect on the number of fruit crops. The best chilli plants were found in the type of mycorrhiza Glomus Moseae. There is no real interaction between chili varieties with mycorrhiza types on the yield of chilli plants on saline land.