DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE TEST OF APPROPRIATE ON-FARM COMPOSTING PACKAGE FOR SMALL FARMERS.

Hariadi 1 , Yuli Suharnoto 1 and Arief Sabdo Yuwono 1 . Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Campus IPB Dramaga, PO Box 220 Bogor, 16002 Indonesia. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

In Indonesia, the active participation of farmers is fundamental to gain the multiple benefits of organic waste treatment via composting. Currently, small farmer involvement in composting practice has still low because of limited access to appropriate technologies. Minimum supply of appropriate facility increased the probability of ineffective organic waste treatment. The main aim of this research is to create appropriate on-farm composting package for small farmers by adopting NOL (non-odorous and low maintenance) principles in the whole composting process with minimum input of raw materials. The composting package maximizes goat housing with raised slatted floor function to become the major device with composting bin as a complement. The research showed that composting can be done with the minimum input of raw materials and maintenance. Overall, the majority of nutrient content of the composting products complied national quality standard [SNI 19-7030-2004] and decree of agricultural minister [Permentan No. 70/2011] so that it could be applied safely for the agricultural land especially for the horticultural plant. Therefore, this package is highly recommended for small farmers to assist composting practice with effective and efficient ways in developing countries.
Previous studied, Dangi et al., (2011) pointed out that the waste composition became a fundamental consideration in determining appropriate treatment for waste processing. Similarly, Menikpura et al., (2013) emphasized that waste ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 6(6), 1146-1160 1147 management practices -referred to integrated solid waste management (ISWM) -based on waste composition is effective to rise up savings greenhouse gaseous emissions. As a developing and agrarian country, composting strategy is the most compatible solution to resolve organic fraction of waste in Indonesia. Recently, the treatment methods comprised open dumping 60%, composting 15%, landfill 10%, incineration 2%, and others 13% (Ngoc and Schnitzer, 2009) as well as the potential for irresponsible treatment like burnt 4.8% and disposed to river 2.9% (Meidiana and Gamse, 2010). Organic waste processed with composting only 18 842 tons day -1 of the total 125 610 tons day -1 , while the remaining with open dumping and landfill have been notorious lead to serious environmental risks (Filho et al., 2016). Therefore, composting practice that environmentally friendly need special attention.
Composting, valuable treatment for organic waste, plays a significant role in sustainable agriculture and improve the quality of the environment. Most importantly, the final product can be used for multiple purposes such as fertilizer, soil amendment, plant nutrition, and growing media (Jara-Samaniego et al., 2017). Composting is top priority to overcome the organic waste problem in zero waste management (Zaman, 2014) to achieve optimum consumption without causing the negative impact for environment and human health (Song et al., 2014).
Composting practice is a suitable and increasingly viable treatment to implement in developing countries, as they possess abundant and various organic waste resources as raw material. The previous study about LCA (life cycle assessment) has evidenced that composting has many environmental advantages like nutrient supply for soil-plant and carbon sequestration The small farmers role is vital both as producers and users of compost product. As the producer, the farmers produce their composting product to minimize input from outside especially mineral fertilizer, whereas as the consumer, the product can be directly applied into the farmland. Small farmers hold < 2 hectares of land (von Braun, 2004; Lowder et al., 2016) with 4 -6 small ruminant (goats and sheep) (Davendra, 1993). According to the Indonesian agriculture census report of 2013, the number of farming households who hold < 2 hectares reached 22.90 million out of a total 26.14 million (ST, 2013).
Budisatria et al., (2010) stated small farmers who make livestock as secondary activity on farms can keep the maximum number of goats or sheep at any time is 5 with average working hours of 3.8 h d -1 . Therefore, supporting appropriate composting technologies for the farmers are such essential that complexity of making compost can be minimized to increase participation of them (Supaporn et al., 2013). Furthermore, it is expected to be able to improve economic feasibility associated with agronomic value (Fan et al., 2016).

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Research methods:-Target person in this research is small farmers who main activities are agriculture while raising or fattening goats are only secondary one. It used goat housing with raised slatted floor. The farmer offered feed ad libitum twice a day, in the morning and afternoon. All of research procedures are depicted schematically in Figure 1.

Finding effective composting ways:-
Composting process was conducted under two conditions: aerobic and semi-anaerobic. Sample composts under aerobic condition are A, B, and C. The sample A and B comprised of 3 samples: A1, A2, A3 and B1, B2, B3, respectively, while C just only have 1 sample. On the semi-anaerobic, it is only sample compost D. The material inputs are shown in Table 1.
The aerobic composting devices comprise goat housing with raised slatted floor and composting bins from bamboo and wood with a volume of approximately 0.12 m 3 (length × width × height = 1 m × 0.4 m × 0.3 m). Sample compost A and B are with composting bin but for C is without. The composting package is shown in Figure 2.  Aerobic composting was carried out with the natural aerated static pile. Its process took place under the goat housing and then continued at maturation place. The initial process occurred underneath the housing during 14-30 days to create the layer of materials until the composting bins full, while urine from goats maintained moisture content to substitute rewetting maintenance. Later, the bins was moved out from the housing to maturation place and continued the process until maturity phase. Duration of the composting was 120 days from beginning to maturation phase. The aerobic scheme and description are shown in Figure 3 and Table 2.  Semi-anaerobic composting was conducted on the ground. The tools used in this composting included tarpaulin, pail, and chimney. Raw materials in the form of goat manure only used solid manure without liquid manure (urine). The age of solid manure used was about 2 weeks (not fresh manure). Litter was obtained from poultry farm around the research site. The total duration of the semi-anaerobic composting was 14 days. The semi-anaerobic scheme and description are shown in Figure 4 and Table 3. Composition details of materials input as followings: Raw materials: solid goat manure and charcoal for each 45 L. Mixture of liquid aditive (EM4: molasses: water; 15 mL: 15 mL: 10 000 mL). Mixing raw materials; goat manure and the charcoal D4

Figure 4:-Scheme of semi-anaerobic composting
Mixing raw materials and liquid additive D5 Making high pile ± 20 cm D6 Close pile with tarpaulin D7 Monitor temperature every morning D8 Reducing the height of pile, if > 40 0 C minimize the high of pile D9 The compost harvested Evaluating effective composting method in the fields:-Evaluating effective composting methods were undertaken using aerobic condition in different sites (Bogor district, West Java; Kediri district; East java; Lebak district, Banten). The material inputs consisted of goat manure and sawdust. Sawdust was obtained from local sawmill around the research site. Sample compost X, Y, and Z have each 3 samples are X1, X2, X3; Y1, Y2, Y3; and Z1, Z2, Z3, respectively. Composting procedure followed Sample A procedure ( Figure 3 and Table 2).  . Reducing maintenance decreased complexity and pressure the cost, also preserve the practicability (Brito et al., 2012). In other side, selection of input materials can affect the composting cost, so the input should be obtained easily and adequately around the research site. The material inputs and classification of maintenances are shown in Table 5.
As can be seen in Table 5, raw materials for aerobic composting consist of 2 -3 mixture without additive, whereas semi-anaerobic composting need 4 inputs, raw materials and additive. Using additive helps speed up the decomposition process, but it is not recommended because generally small farmers have to buy to get it. Minimalize the input are expected to encourage the participation of the farmers in by using only waste that is available in the local area.
Composting animal manures like goat manure need bulking agent to minimize the potential for odour emissions; consequently, adding of bulking agent like sawdust (Sample A dan C) and rice husk (Sample D) is critical.
Despite its long maturity phase, aerobic composting is preferred over semi-anaerobic due to considering the number of maintenances. Burning litter, mixing and daily monitoring of temperature pile make it difficult for farmers, as well as litter is not available any time and limited.

Effective composting method:-
Composting method used aerobic composting with low inputs and maintenance. As shown in Table 6, the input comprised 2 mixture with minimized maintenance. The frequent adding sawdust to make the layers of material and to maintain the homogeneity of the compost pile without mixing by the farmer. Moving and turning pile to change position of the layers The composting process adopted NOL (non-odorous and low maintenance) principles (Yuwono et al., 2016) and onfarm composting system (Viaene et al., 2016) based decentralized approach (Righi et al., 2013) to reach minimum cost (Brito et al., 2012). However, additional input of materials is possible during consideration of practicability the process like sample C with green waste one. By this package, it is expected that all potential waste which produce from goat breeding can be optimally managed into organic fertilizer, thus becoming one example of zero waste management application on small scale.

Evaluation of compost performance:-
The final composting products were analyzed to find out chemical properties macro-and micronutrients. Both are required to comply with standard of compost quality, SNI-19-7030-2004 and Permentan No. 70/2011. The standard provides assurance to farmer and another user that the composting product is safe, reliable, and high quality.  Table 9. Based on composting performance test, it concluded that to go up the macronutrients of composting require additional input such as green waste which contains phosphorus. By contrast, Table 10 shows the micronutrients of the all samples complied the national quality standard.   Table 9.