AWARENESS OF ANTENATAL CARE IMPORTANCE AMONG SAUDI PREGNANT WOMEN IN MADINA

Jehan M. Al hazmi 1 ,Hatem M. Habib 2 , Somayah H. Sebeih 2 , Mohammed I. Khan 2 ,Sara A. Elmaghrabi 3 , ReemJ.Tharwat 3 , SafanahS.Alshinqity 2 , Afaf M.Aljohani 2 and Nada H. Mahmoud 3 . 1. OB/GYN Consultant, MMCH. 2. Medical intern, Taibah University. 3. Medical student, Taibah University. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History


ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 5(1), 1727-1745 1729 with no difference regarding age or literacy level among this population. 13 Due to the scarcity of researches about the awareness of ANC in Saudi Arabia, we need more studies in different cities to assess the level of knowledge and awareness among pregnant women in our population in order to know to what extent should health authority raise public awareness of this issue.Our study aims to assess the awareness of antenatal care importance among Saudi pregnant women in Madina, Saudi Arabia and Find out the relationship between pregnant woman's knowledge with certain variables; age, educational level, socioeconomic status, gravidity, parity and number of prenatal care visits.

Methodology: -
Study design: -This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted through a random sampling. The population was pregnant women mainly from Madina region in Saudi Arabia during August and September 2016. The aim of this study is to assess the awareness of antenatal care importance among Saudi pregnant women attending Antenatal clinics of several hospitals including MMCH and MNGH, and to explore the factors that influence antenatal care attendance.All recruited subjects of this study were actively involved in attending ANC clinics. Subjects who were too sick to participate and non-Saudi women have been excluded from the study analysis. A pre-designed structured Arabic and English languages questionnaires were used in this cross-sectional survey through face to face interview. The used questionnaires were formulated to include demographic aspects, clinical features, nutritional, medical, obstetric and psycho-social history. The questionnaires include 39 questions, discussing various aspects in the subject's socioeconomic, educational, medical and psychological life. The questionnaires' items were designed and written to suit the tradition and the Islamic culture of the Holly Madina City.The questionnaires with missing data more than 50% were excluded from the study analysis. The final study sample size was 1617 pregnant women.Approval was taken from the ethics committee at Maternity and Children Hospital in Madina, Saudi Arabia. Ethical consideration was considered to avoid physical or emotional harm in the study questionnaire. The confidentiality and privacy of the collected data were ensured through the use of anonymous questionnaire and during data entry and analysis. People were provided with information on the study aims and methods and each one of them has signed an informed consent to participate in this study.

Statistical analysis: -
The collected data were analyzed using statistical analysis system (SAS). Data from the questionnaire has been entered as numerical or categorical, as appropriate. Two types of statistics have been done: 1. Descriptive statistics; where quantitative data was shown as mean ± S.D for women in each group, and qualitative data was expressed as frequency and percent which plays the proportion of participants who are represented within each category. 2. Analytical statistics: where Chi-square test between qualitative variables. Also, unpaired women's t-test was used as a test of significance for comparison between two arithmetic means of two different groups. The level of statistical significance was defined as P ≤ 0.05.

Results: -
This section of the study gives descriptive analysis through the repeat tables and the diagrams for the participants' answers on all the questionnaire questions, and then it analyzes and clarifies the most important statistical analysis obtained to achieve the study objectives.

Population & Sample of the Study: -
The population was all pregnant women mainly from Madina region in Saudi Arabia during August and September 2016, a random sample of (1617) woman was selected, and table (1) shows their properties according to their personal information:  (20 -25) years old, 19.8% of them were between (35 -40) years old, 2.7% of them were less than (20) years old, and the same percentage for those who were more than (40) years old. And their distribution according to their weight, 53.5% of the sample members had their weights between (50 -70) kg, while 33.1% of them had their weights between (71-90) kg. And according to their lengths the distribution was as follows, 57.3% of them were less than (160) cm long, while 41.5% were between (160-170) cm long, and 1.2% of them were more than (170) cm long. And when the participants were asked about their residence place, 86% said that they were living in Madina, while 14% of them were living in villages. When the participants were asked about their educational level; 40% of them had university degree, while 30.1% of them high school certificates. And the distribution according to their husbands' educational levels; 41.9% of them had university degree, while 35.7% of them had secondary school certificates. And finally, their distribution according to their monthly income; 20.5% of them had their income more than (10000) riyal, while 57% of them had their income between (5000-10000) riyal, and 22.6% of them had a monthly income less than (5000) riyal. The following table shows the distribution of participants in terms of the number of times each birth is natural, assisted or cesarean. For natural childbirth 37.8% of the participants never had a natural birth while 17.2% had it once before and 23.7% had two or three natural births and a 21.2% had more than 3. The participants' distribution according to Assisted delivery it's found that 96% of the participants never used this method before while 2.7% used it once before and a 0.9% tried it two or three times and only 0.4% used it more than three times. The distribution regarding cesarean delivery, 65.5% from the participants never had a cesarean delivery while 20.3% tried it once, 11.8% tried it two or three times and 2.5% tried it more than three times. The following diagram illustrates the reasons for caesarean section for those who gave birth this way, where it's found that 27% of those who have it suffered from abnormal fetal position, and 25% the reason was fetal distress, and 10% due to CPD, and 4% due Antepartum hemorrhage, and 4% also due to Preeclampsia, and 3% due to carrying twins, and 27% for other reasons. 0.00** Chi-squared test: *Significant at 0.05 **Significant at 0.01 It is noted from the above table that 6.7% of participants have diabetes, while 93.3% doesn't have diabetes , and 3.9% asthmatics, while the 96.1% non-asthmatics, 3.1% for patients with high blood pressure, while 96.9% were free of blood pressure, and 0.2% patients with epilepsy, while 99.8% is living without epilepsy, and 0.3% sickle-cell anemia, while 99.7% are not affected, and 24.7% of participants has iron deficiency anemia, while 75.3% of them are not diseased with it, and 27.3% people has rheumatoid urinary tract, while 72.7% is not diseased with it, and 1% of the participants diagnosed with heart disease, while 99% were free of heart disease, and 0.4% of the participants diagnosed with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), while 99.6% are not affected, and finally, 0.1% of them are living with scleroderma, while 99.9% are not diseased by it.

Third: Booking:-
The following table shows the distribution of participants according to the month that the pregnant woman started her pregnancy follow-up with the doctor, It's noted that 80.9% of participants started their follow-up at the first or second month of pregnancy, while 13.9% they began to pursue their pregnancy follow up with the doctor in the third month to the fifth of pregnancy, and 1.1% started at the sixth or seventh month and 0.4% of them began to get there to follow up in the eighth or ninth month. .0 The following diagram shows the ladies knowledgeof the importance of the first visit and the importance of continued follow-up in the same place, It's noted in the figure that 51% of women have a good awareness of this, while 17% do not have as much awareness as needed, and 32% have no awareness at all.
From the diagram, it concludes that 72.5% of women follow-up their pregnancy at the same place they visited at the first time, while 23% continued their follow-up elsewhere.
And when asked about the reason that some of the woman changed the first place of their pregnancy follow-ups they answered as follow, 37% of them changed the place because of the quality of services provided, and 16% changed it because of lack of transportation, and 7% for financial reasons and 7% due to negligence, and 5% because of the 100.0 Women who don't follow their pregnancy consistently and regularly were asked about the reason and 45% of them said it was neglect, while 22% was the lack of transportation, and 4% because of the long wait times, and 3% due to the quality of services, and 22% for other reasons.  The following figure shows the distribution of participants according to whether daily work duties affect their presence to the pregnancy follow-ups, and answered 85.8% said that work duties do not have an impact on the visits, while 11.2% of women answered that daily duties and work have an impact on their attendance to pregnancy followup.
The following figure shows the distribution of participants by whether the busyness of their husbands affect one way or another their attendance to prenatal care, and answered 75.4% of women are not affected by it, while 21.7% of women is affected by it. The following diagram shows the distribution of the sample in terms of the extent of their belief that the use of complementary grain during pregnancy reduces the incidence of some of the problems related to pregnancy, where we note that 89% of the participants believe so, and only11 % of them do not believe so.

Sixth: Satisfaction: -
The following table shows some of the things that women may not be satisfied with during the follow-up of pregnancy, 86.4% of women are not happy about the number of visits, and for the time between visits found that 83.4% of women are unhappy with it, but for the time being spend with your physician there were 89.1% of women are not satisfied, and for the waiting times it was found that 67.4% of women are not satisfied.

Seventh: Outcome: -
The following chart explains a variety of pregnancy related subjects,For the type of birth, found that 66.6% of women have natural childbirth, while 33.4% had Caesarean birth.As for the gender, there were 52.2% of male births, while 47.8% of female births. The percentage of babies born weighing less than 2.5 kg is 13.2%, while the percentage of babies born weighing (2.5-3 kg) is 52.9%, and those born weighing somewhere between (3.1-4 kg) is 32.5%, and percentage of babies born weighing more than 4 kg were is 1.4%.It found that 28.9 percent of births were transferred to the intensive care unit for newborns, while 71.1% of births have not been transferred to the unit care center for newborns.

Do you think taking vital supplements during pregnancy can reduce pregnancy related problems?
Eighth: Relationships and correlations: -The first hypothesis states that there is a relation between get booking appointment and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity).
Using the Chi-Square test was tested the NULL hypothesis which states that there is no relation between get booking appointment and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity), versus the alternative hypothesis which states that there is a relation between get booking appointment and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity), the next table shows the test results. There is a relation between get booking appointment and Age, where the P-value was less than 0.05 level.

Chi-P-va
2. There is a relation between get booking appointment andResidency, where the P-value was less than 0.05 level.
3. There is a relation between get booking appointment and Level of education where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. 4. There is a relation between get booking appointment and Gravidity where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. 5. There is no relation between get booking appointment and Income of household where the P-value was more than 0.05 level.

The second hypothesis states that there is a relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity).
Using the Chi-Square test was tested the NULL hypothesis which states that there is no relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity), versus the alternative hypothesis which states that there is a relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity), the next We conclude from the above table that:-1. There is a relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and Age, where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. 2. There is a relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and Residency, where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. 3. There is a relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and Level of education, where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. 4. There is a relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and Income of household, where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. 5. There is no relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and Gravidity, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level.
The third hypothesis states that there is a relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity).
Using the Chi-Square test was tested the NULL hypothesis which states that there is no relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity), versus the alternative hypothesis which states that there is a relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity), the next We conclude from the above table that:-1. There is no relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and Age, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level. 2. There is no relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and Residency, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level. 3. There is no relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and Level of education, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level. 4. There is no relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and Income of household, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level.

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5. There is no relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and Gravidity, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level.

The fourth hypothesis states that there is a relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity).
Using the Chi-Square test was tested the NULL hypothesis which states that there is no relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity), versus the alternative hypothesis which states that there is a relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and each of (Age, Residency, Level of education, Income of household, and Gravidity), the next 1. There is no relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and Age, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level. 2. There is no relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and Residency, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level. 3. There is a relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and Level of education, where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. 4. There is no relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and Income of household, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level. 5. There is no relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and Gravidity, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level.

Discussion: -
World health organization (WHO) estimated thatannually 529,000 women die globally as a result of pregnancy and childbirth. 28 Antenatal care (ANC) is an effective tool to reduce both infant and maternal mortality rates. 1 Al Otaiby et al., 2013 reported that antenatal knowledge scores were below average in Saudi Arabia. 13 This study aimed to assess the awareness of antenatal care importance among pregnant women in Madina, Saudi Arabia and its relationship with certain variables such as age, educational level, socioeconomic status, gravidity, parity and number prenatal care visits.This study includes 1617 women, their Demographics shows that the majority of them between 1742 26-34 years old. About half of them had collage education and higher, while 35.7% had High school, this show the high education for many of them. Only 2.5% of them had Illiterate husband. This education has been a great role in the interest of mothers in ANC. Several other studies also found a strong positive impact of mothers' education on the utilization of health services, 15,16 because knowledge and education can improve the awareness of people about their rights and health. 23 The study results showed good obstetric history, most of women have never miscarriage their babies, while 0.4% of them had more than (5) miscarriages. 37.8% of the participants never had a natural birth, and 96% of the women never used assisted delivery before 34.5% had Cesarean Section for one time at least, The most common reason for 27% of those who have it suffered from abnormal embryonic situation.Vast majority nonsmokers, but at study in Lebanon almost one quarter (23%) of participants reported smoking during pregnancy. 17 It may be the reason for differing proportion between the two countries is different customs, traditions and the nature of society.Results of the study have shown that vast majority of mothers had healthy pregnancy, 99.4% of women have never had abnormal pregnancy.Generally, most of women have no diseases; the most common diseases were Urinary tract infection 27.3%, followed by Iron deficiency anemia 24.7%.In recent study Prevalence of anemia (Hb<11gm/dl) on pregnant women in Pakistan was found to be 96%. 18 Iron, folate and vitamin supplements are routinely given to women attending antenatal care facilities along with advice for appropriate dietary practices to reduce anemia.89% of the women believe that the use of complementary grain during pregnancy reduces the incidence of some of the problems related to pregnancy. Most of women take supplements that pregnant women use during pregnancy, such as; Folic acid, Vitamin D, Iron supplements, Calcium. in study in Pakistan, 64% of the women had never used any haematinics. 18 This may be due to differences in economic level between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, so many women in Pakistan haven't get hematinics All the mothers had registered antenatal, this same to Javali et al. study. 19 19 Berhe et al., reported that 48%, 42.4% women made their first visit in the 1st trimester, 2nd trimester. 22 More than half of women have a good awareness about knowledge of the importance of the first visit and the importance of continued follow-up in the same place.72.5% of women follow-up their pregnancy at the same place they visited at the first time. 89.7% believe in the importance of the follow-up pregnancy during the whole pregnancy, while 80.1% are getting their pregnancies consistently and regularly, the most common reason for don't follow their pregnancy consistently and regularly was neglect.According to our results there was a relation between get booking appointment and age, residency, level of education, graviditywhere the P-value was less than 0.05 level. But there was no relation between get booking appointment and income of household where the P-value was more than 0.05 level.Also in our study,there is a relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and age, residency, level of education, income of household where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. But there was no relation between the knowledge of the importance of booking and following up and delivering later in the same place, and gravidity, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level.According to our results there was no relation between regularly attendance to ANC, or follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and age. This finding conforms a studyin India found that maternal age was not statistically associated with ANC . 24 But conflict with many other studies which found that maternal age is one of the important predictors for ANC, it was found that the young women were more likely to seek antenatal care than older one. 25,26 The reason of difference in the results is the difference in economic and cultural levels between the target groups in the two studies. Also in our study, there was no relation between regularly attendance to ANC, or follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and income of household, where the P-value was more than 0.05 level. Because most of the services of ANC in KSA rely on health insurance and therefore does not pose a financial burden on the family.There was a relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and level of education where the P-value was less than 0.05 level. This conform previous studies found a strong positive impact of mothers' education on the utilization of health services. 15,16 This is considered normal because whenever greater the parent level of education and culture, it increased awareness of their rights and the importance of the ANC. There was no relation between regularly attendance to ANC, or follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and graviditywhere the P-value was more than 0.05 level. While study in Nepalrevealed that there was statistically significant association between numbers of childbirth and the ANC visits (p <0.05). 27 The results of our study differ from the results of the study in Nepal because the level of education in Nepal is less than it in Saudi Arabia, as well as economic level, so in Nepal mothers experience of pregnancy and delivery made them believe their maternal health knowledge was adequate.

Limitations: -
The generalizability of these results is subject to certain limitations. For instance, limited time allocated for study, since data has been collected in less than one month. The study was conducted only in 2 major hospitals, and inclusion of a greater number of centers or comparisons of urban and rural centers was not feasible. Lack of sufficient cooperation from the health institutions to provide information pertaining to patients. A worth mentioning limitation in this study is the unavailability of experts' opinion on the recommended content and delivery methods for antenatal education from the providers of this service. Knowing the providers' point of view and combining it with the responses of the target population will add to the validity of this study and will help in the development of effective antenatal education programs. More in-depth study of the sociodemographic aspects and job satisfaction of the health care providers would also be useful to give a more accurate measure of overall performance. Also, the rarity of study's topic in Saudi Arabia made us face many obstacles especially in the literature review. Furthermore, the scope of this study was limited in terms of its external validity. The methodology that was implemented in data collection yielded qualitative data that only can be interpreted relative to participants' populations.

Conclusions: -
In summary, all the mothers had registered antenatal Care, the education has been a great role in the interest of mothers in ANC. Most of women have no diseases, and they believe that the use of complementary grain during pregnancy reduces the incidence of some of the problems related to pregnancy. More than half of women have a good awareness about knowledge of the importance of the first visit and the importance of continued follow-up in the same place.There was no relation between the regularly attendance to ANC, and age, gravidity, residency, level of education, income of household. Also, there was no relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and age, gravidity, residency, income of household. But there was a relation between follow-up the regular antenatal care visits throughout the whole period of pregnancy, and level of education

Recommendations: -
Based on the findings of the present study, the following recommendations are suggested: 1. Enhance strategies to increase awareness of importance of follow up and delivery later at the same place of booking 2. Government should increase number of health care centers and improve the quality of services provided at these centers. Also, should recruit large numbers of qualified health care providers to decrease work load on the staff and to give each patient her full time of examination and consultation. 3. The patient's medical files should be linked by system in all hospitals of the kingdom so when patient change her hospital the other hospitals and health care centers can easily reach to her information. 4. Patient satisfaction surveys should be carried out routinely to improve the quality of services. 5. Different health education methods should be available to increase awareness of the women about the importance and components of antenatal care and how that help in deceasing the complication of pregnancy. 6. enhance the rule of family physician to let the population trust them and follow up at health care centers. 7. Mass media including social media should play a consequential role in presenting the benefits of prenatal care like early diagnosis and treatment of some possible complications during pregnancy. 8. It would be more advantageous to attempt to re-conduct the study with a much larger sample size, and to carry out the study across many other cultural backgrounds and demographical aspects. 9. Further studies should be conducted to incorporate the views and responses of health care providers, as the study only depended on the responses of Saudi women. 10. Further research is recommended on the evaluation of the content of antenatal education and its cultural relevance.