EVALUATION OF LIQUORICE GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L. ROOT POWDER AS A NEW ADSORBENT IN THE REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM.

AraceliVerônica F. N. Ribeiro 1 , André Romero da Silva 1 , Paulo Henrique dos Santos Silvares 2 , Amanda de Oliveira Loiola 2 , Flávio Cunha Monteiro 2 , Madson de Godoi Pereira 3 and * JoselitoNardy Ribeiro 2 . 1. Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, Vila Velha ES, Brazil. 2. GIBBA-Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Maruípe, Vitória – ES, Brazil. 3. Universidade do Estado da Bahia-UNEB, Salvador-BA, Brazil. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History


ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 6(8), 278-290 279 Indigoferatinctoria. However, its industrial synthesis is the most used today. Indigo blue is co mmonly used in text ile industry for the dyeing principally of co mmon cotton and jeans (Baig, 2012).  Adsorption is a process of accumulation and selective concentration of one or more adsorbates on solid surfaces of adsorbents. The adsorbate may be present in gases (Mohammad i-Moghadam et al., 2013) or liquids (Maghri et al., 2012). In relation to the treatment of effluents the adsorbates are pollutants such as heavy metals (Jordão et al., 2010), pharmaceuticals  text ile dyes (Pereira et al., 2009) and others (Amin et al., 2015). Adsorption using natural adsorbents has been one of the most studied due to considerable availab ility and low cost (Ramakrishna &Viraraghavan, 1997). So me examp les can be cited as: sugar cane bagasse was evaluated to removal of congo red dye (Raymundo et al., 2010) and malachite green dye (Tahir et al., 2016), vermico mpost was able to removal of crystal vio let and methylene blue in water ( Pereira et al., 2009), wood sawdust was studied to removal of text ile dyes (SahMoune&Yeddou, 2016), and banana peel powder was studied to removal o f anionic dyes from aqueous solutions (Munagapat et al., 2018).
The liquoriceGlycyrrhizaglabra L. root is more related to its med icinal properties and culinary or flavour potential (Fenwick, 1990). The use of Glycyrrhizaglabra L. root powder (GGRP) as an adsorbent to removal pollutants is almost absent in the literature. In 2013 researchers reported the application of GlycyrrhizaglabraL. root as a novel adsorbent in the removal of toluene vapors (Mohammadi-Moghadam et al., 2013). However, studies on GGRP as an adsorbent for pollutants in aqueous media are scarce. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the ability of GGRP as adsorbent for the removal of text ile dyes in water. The congo red (CR) and indigo blue (IB) dyes were used as pollutants in this study. For this evaluation we performed studies on the physico -chemical characteristics of GGRP, influence of the GGRP mass in adsorptive process, and influence of stir time between CR or IB and GGRP. Subsequently, the maximu m adsorptive capacities (MAC) of GGRP for CR and IB were determined. Finally the efficiency of GGRP was compared with activated carbon for the removal of both dyes in batch column experiments.

Methods:-Preparation of the ads or bent:-
The liquorice Glycyrrhizaglabra L. root powder (figure 3) was washed with distilled water pH 6.63 and pH adjusted to 7.01 using sodium hydro xide 0.01M. Subsequently the adsorbent material was dried in a laboratory over for 15 hrs at 40  C. Finally the liquorice GGRPwas sieved to obtain particles of size smaller than 1.19 mm. The material was finally stored in hermet ically sealed containers for use in the later stages. Scanning electron microscopy:-In order to know the characteristics of the GGRP surface, an analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For this, a small samp le of GGRP was immersed in a thin layer of gold using the spray coating. Then the surface of this sample was visualized in SEM (electron beam of 10 kV) as described in Ribeiro et al. (2018).

Infrared s pectroscopy:-
To describe the chemical groups present in GGRP, an infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis was performed as described in . This methodology was performed by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy using KBr d iscs to prepare the GGRP samp les. The spectral range varied fro m 4000 to 500 cm -1 . Th is stage aims to determine if the chemical groups of GGRP are compatib le with the chemical structures of CR and IB for the occurrence of interactions favorable to the adsorptive process.

Stirring time:-
The 50 ml of aqueous solutions (pH 7.01) containing 87 mg/L of IB or 25 mg/ L of CR were magnetically stirred (1000 rp m) at different times (minutes) at 25  1C. After this procedure, the solutions were filtered at vacuum for retention of the adsorbent using quantitative paper filter (Un ifil). The supernatants were centrifuged at 13,000 rp m and analyzed in a spectrophotometer at 500 n m to CR and 573 n m to IB to evaluate the amount (%) of dye retained in the adsorbent (figure 4). This step had as objective to evaluate the influence of the contact time between dyes and adsorbent in the adsorption process [6]. The temperature, stirring speed, and pH were optimized in our laboratory. Adsorbent mass:-Using the conditions previously described and optimized agitation time in the previous step (5 minutes) the aqueous solutions (50 ml) (pH 7.01) containing IB (87 mg/ L) or CR (25 mg/L) were magnetically stirred at different GGRP mass (g). After this procedure, the solutions were filtered at vacuum for retention of the adsorbent using quantitative paper filter (Un ifil). The supernatants were centrifuged at 13,000 rp m and analyzed in a spectrophotometer at 500 nm to CR and 573 n m to IB to evaluate the amount (%) of dye retained in the different adsorbent mass. The finality of this step was to evaluate the influence of the adsorbent mass in the adsorption equilibriu m process.

Maxi mum ads orpti on capacity:-
The equations 1 and 2 were fundamental to determine the values of maximu m adsorptive capacities (MAC) of GGRP to CR and IB. These values represent the maximu m amounts of these dyes which can be adsorbed by 1 g of GGRP. A h igh MAC value reveals that the ads orptive process is efficient: whereq is the quantity of adsorbed dye in GGRP (mg/g), a is a constant related to adsorption energy (L/mg), b is the maximu m dye adsorption capacity of the GGRP (mg/g), and Eqc is the equilibriu m dye concentration (mg/ L).  showed that SEM and other techniques revealed desirable adsorption of heavy metals by sediments, clay and total organic matter (%, m/ m) in JacuıpeRiver's estuary (northeastern Brazil).

Infrared s pectroscopy:-
The chemical co mposition of liquorice root is co mplex (Fenwick, 1990). Appro ximately 5 to 24% of its composition is due to a biologically active t riterpene glycoside (glycyrrh izin ), 30% starch, and 3 -16% sugar (Duke, 1985) such as glucose, maltose, sucrose, and fructose. It was also noted the presence of dext rins, pentosans, lignin, and others 283 (Fenwick, 1990). One can not fail to mention the presence of others several chemical co mpounds such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids, chalcones, coumarins (Lutomski, 1983), aminoacids, and others low mo lecular weight compoun ds (Fenwick, 1990). The presence of this diversity of chemical co mpounds gives the aqueous extracts of the liquorice many therapeutic and others properties (Fenwick, 1990  probably fro m the alcohol and other compounds with axial deformat ion due to intermolecu lar hydrogen bonds. The C-H fro m methyl group (2920 cm -1 ) and probably C=O (carbonyl) in 1620 cm -1 , also were revealed. Additionally the presence of C-O g roup was also detected at approximately 1023 cm -1 , probably due to axial deformat ion present in C-O-C system (Wong, 2015). Most of these chemical groups must belong to insoluble biomolecules, since the process of washing the powder with water should remove most of the soluble compounds. The presence of these and other chemical groups is to fundamental relevance to the possible chemical interactions between the dyes and adsorbent (Pereira et al., 2009).    Dyes removal in glass columns:-Experiments using glass columns containing activated carbon and gravel in the presence and absence of GGRP demonstrated that the percentages of adsorption for both IB and CR are h igher in the presence of GGRP than in the presence of activated carbon alone. Table 2 shows the values of the adsorption percentag es for both dyes in the presence and absence of GGRP. In another work ( Raymundo et al., 2010) using sugarcane bagasse, the authors demonstrated that this natural adsorbent was very efficient in the removal of CR in effluent (94 ± 5%) enriched with this pollutant.

Conclusion:-
The values of maximu m adsorptive capacities and mainly the percentage of retention of the dyes in the columns can be considered satisfactory. The results of the experiments show that GGRP may possibly be used as a further alternative in the treatment of textile effluents containing CR and IB. Howev er, more detailed studies will be needed to make GGRP a viable alternative filter. These studies will include, for examp le, the evaluation of GGRP as agent to remove other pollutants in aqueous mediu m and chemical composition of the filtrates after percola tion in columns.