BALANCE DISORDERS DUE TO PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN FARMERS WOMEN IN BANDUNGAN SUB-DISTRICT, SEMARANG DISTRICT

ShalihatAfifah Dhaningtyas 1 , Onny Setiani 2 AndNurjazuli 2 . 1. Students in the Environmental Health Master's Program at the Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University. 2. Teaching Staff for Environmental Health Master's Program at the Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 02 December 2018 Final Accepted: 04 January 2019 Published: February 2019

In the development of the agricultural sector, increasing use of pesticides also occurs in almost all agriculture in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java. Acute poisoning because pesticides are a problem in all countries. Estimated number of cases per year is 1-3 million. Mortality rates ranging from 1% to 9% of cases who come for treatment. Most cases of accidental pesticide poisoning are among farmers and farmer families.The study aimed to analyze the relationship of pesticide exposure to balance disorders in farmerswomen in Bandungan Sub-district, Semarang District. This research was observational type with cross sectional design. The sampling technique was nonprobability sampling with purposive sampling. The number of samples in this study were 50 farmerswomen.The results of this study that there were a correlation between cholinesterase levels (p = 0.016), RP = 3.865 (CI) 95% = 1.051-14.214, working period (p = 0.049), RP = 1.957 (CI) 95% = 1.062 -3.605with balance disorders in farmerswomen in Bandungan Sub-district, Semarang District.There was no correlation betweenpesticide dose (p = 0.839), RP = 1.165 (CI) 95% = 0.65 -2.088 with balance disorders in farmerswomen in BandunganSub-district, Semarang District. The conclusion of the researchthat there were correlation between cholinesterase levels, working periodwith balance disorders in farmerswomen in BandunganSub-district, Semarang District. There was no correlation betweenthe pesticidedosewith balance disorders in farmerswomen in BandunganSub-district, Semarang District.

Introduction:-
Indonesia is an agricultural country where the role of the agricultural sector becomes dominant in the national economic system. In the development of the agricultural sector, increasing use of pesticides also occurs in almost all agriculture in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java. Pesticide residues from several types of pesticides such as organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamatewere found in vegetable plants. Pesticide residue analysis on red chili in Bandungan, Central Java Province was found in dieldrin residues, heptachlor EP, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, malation. Pesticide residue analysis on lettuce in Bandungan, Central Java Province was found in aldrin residues, concerning the requirements and procedures for registering pesticides, pesticides are all chemical substances, microorganisms and viruses used to eradicate pests and diseases that damage crops, eradicate grasses, pests in domestic animals and livestock, water pests, animals and microorganisms in households, buildings, and in transportation equipment, animals which cause disease in humans. (Pertanian,2012)According to The United States Environmental Control Act, pesticides are a mixture of special substances to dispel insecticides, control, prevent rodents, bacteria, viruses, weeds, nematodes, microorganisms that are considered pests except bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms found in animals and human.
Human Body Balance System:-Balance is the ability to maintain the orientation of the body and parts of the body in relation to the surrounding environment. The balance depends on the continuous input of the three systems, namely the vestibular (labyrinth), proprioceptive (somatosensory) system, visual and its integration with the brain stem and cerebellum. Vestibular Tests:-Vestibular tests that can be done, namelynystagmus, Spontaneous nystagmus examination begins with a person staring straight, then the person is asked to move his gaze at 30º to the left and right. Each position is given a minimum of 15 seconds. Nystagmus is identified directly. If the person moves the eye to the right, left, up, down with a different speed (jerk nystagmus) continuously in 1 or more than 3 positions in a consistent direction, then the test results are positive vestibular nystagmus; romberg test,Examination that begins with a person standing straight, both hands beside the body, both feet closed tightly, and eyes closed for 30 seconds. If there is a lot of shake or loss of balance, the test results are positive.Romberg tests involve vision and depend on accurate vestibular sensory information and cerebellar function. In the vestibular schwannoma, a positive Romberg test result is caused by a disruption of the vestibular signal; unterburger's stepping test,An examination that begins with someone standing upright with their eyes closed and arms stretched 90º with the body, and knees lifted alternately, thigh reaches a horizontal position (walking in place). If the person rotates more than 30º, shakes, and falls, then the test results are positive;tandem gait, An examination that begins with someone walking using the heel in a straight line with their eyes open and eyes closed. There is no standard distance, but the test continues until the person shows good results. If the person is rocking or falling, the test results are positive. (Beynon et al.,1995) Research model:-

H1 There is a correlation between cholinesterase levels and balance disorders in farmers women in Bandungan
Sub-district, Semarang District.

H2 There is a relationship between the working period and balance disorders in farmerswomen in Bandungan
Sub-district, Semarang District.

H3 There is a relationship between the pesticides dose and balance disorders in farmerswomen in Bandungan
Sub-district, Semarang District.

Methodology:-
This research was observational type with cross sectional design. The sampling technique was nonprobability sampling with purposive sampling. The number of samples in this study were 50 farmerswomen.
Data Analysis:-Background Information:-    Discussion:-Anti-ChE agents can potentially produce all of the following effects: 1. stimulation of muscarinic receptor responses in autonomous effector organs; 2. stimulation, followed by depression or paralysis, of all autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscles (nicotinic action); and 3. stimulation, with occasional depression, from cholinergic receptors in the central nervous system. (Brunton,2006). Exposure to pesticides with heterogeneous chemical structures can cause different health effects. Short and medium term OP (organophosphate) exposure is mainly associated with liver damage and peripheral nerve disorders, while OS (organosulfur) exposure can cause liver damage and kidney dysfunction. Neurotoxicity resulting from exposure to ON (organonrogen) after OP exposure (organophosphate) in addition to potential liver damage and induced glucose changes. In comparison, the estimation results show that PYR (piretroid) may be the most toxic in the case of low dose use. . The toxicity of chemicals depends on the nature of the poison, the pathway of exposure (oral, dermal and inhalation), dosage and morphology and psychology of the state of the organism. Pesticide toxicity is usually expressed in the form of LD50 or LC50. This value is expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight or each ppm. (Singh,2012).

Conclusion:-
There was a correlation between cholinesterase levels and balance disorders in farmerswomen in BandunganSubdistrict, Semarang District. There was a relationship between the working period and balance disorders in farmerswomen in BandunganSub-district, Semarang District.There was no relationship between pesticide doses and balance disorders in farmers women in BandunganSub-district, Semarang District. For farmers to implement procedures for the use of pesticides in accordance with the rules, carry out periodic and routine health tests (blood tests, blood pressure, urine) to monitor health.