INDONESIAN NATIONAL ARMY IN NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE 2004 KELUD MOUNTAIN ERUPTION. Riksani

1. The Military District Command 0818, Malang District and Batu. 2. Magister Program of National Defense of Postgraduate Program of Brawijaya University. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

Indonesia has been hit by several natural disasters, and Kelud mountain eruption which occurred on February 13 th 2004 was one of the heaviest natural disaster occurred in Indonesia. The result shows that anticipation, preparedness, responses and recovery are provided by the Indonesian army Kodim (The Military District Command) 0818/ Malang district and Batu in cope with managingthe natural disaster from Kelud mountain. Anticipation and preparedness include planting, fixing the drain/gutter, guiding and doing the natural disaster simulation. Meanwhile responses after Kelud mountain eruption include evacuation of victims, inventory loss, building the Aid Post, and distributing the logistics. Rehabilitation and reconstruction of facilities and infrastructures of the public interests and the people"s properties are provided by Indonesian army as recovery action. However, the limited fund, unclear duties, limited education and training, also limited equipment become great obstacles for the successfulness of natural disaster managing. Thus, strategies in cope with solving those obstacle factors such as education and training, providing self-funding, and proposing the new regulations are discussed.

Introduction:
The constitution of Indonesian republic 1945 states: "… Indonesian Government protects all Indonesian people and Indonesian lands and develops the public welfares, educates the people"s lives and joins to do the worlds" orders (diciplines) based on the independence and eternal peace and social justice,…" (the introduction of Indonesian constitution, 4 th paragraph), it means that Indonesian government was created to protect all Indonesian people and Indonesian lands, develops the Indonesian society"s welfare, joins the worlds" order (diciplines)based on the similarities in the freedom, eternal peaces and social justice that are accepted by the societies and the world"s nations. As one of the nation"s components, the Indonesian National Army (TNI) has the obligation to help managing the disasters happened to the whole Indonesian areas. The aid duties to handle the natural disaster done by the Indonesian National Army (TNI) is one of the military operations other than in cope with the war (OMSP) which . The aim of this research is to review and analyze the Capacity of the Infantry of the Indonesian National Army in doing the duty of Kelud mountain natural disaster management; to review and analyze the factors that hinder in doing the duties from the Infantry of the Indonesian national Army in managing the Kelud mountain disaster. An event can be considered into a disaster if there are fatalities even though there is only one victim. It is caused by the new point of view about the safety theory in which human is used as the Center of Gravity. This point of view has developed since the end of the cold war in 1990. Definition of HumanSecurityaccording to UNDP (1994) is: "Safety from constant threat sofhunger, disease, crime and depression. It is also mean sof protection from sudden and hurt ful disruption sin the pattern of our daily lives-whetherin ourhomes,inourjobs,in ourcommunities or in ourenvironment." In the development implementation, Human security must become the main attention in the nation policy. The government must guarantee that the societies" interests become the main priority in every nation policy.
There are 2 main categories in the Human Security namely Freedom From Fear And Freedom From Want. The threat that can disturb the continuity and the existence of the Human Security has big amount. The first four threats (economic security, food security, health security and environ mental security) are grouped as Freedom From Wantand the next three threats (personal security, community security dan political security) are grouped into 2891 Freedom From Fear. The natural disaster can be categorized as the threat of nontraditional that one day it can appear suddenly and can disturb the existence of the human being due to its effects. If it is related to the 7 threats mentioned above, the natural disaster can be categorized as a factual threat for the environmental security due to the effects that can take human"s lives, can cause the destruction to the environment, can cause the wealth disappearance and etc. Capacity can be defined as a human"s ability or organization" or a part of the organization to perform some functions effectively, efficiently, and sustainably to reach the organization"s goals optimally.  ; 12) stated that capacity is "the individual, organizational or system" ability or to run their functions as they should be efficiently, effectively, and sustainably". Morgan in Millen (2006; 10) defined capacity as "the ability, skills, attitude understanding, values, relationship, behavior, motivation, sources, and conditions that make every individual, organization, networking/sectors and wider system possible to do their functions and reach the development goals which have been set from time to time". Managing disaster according to Cop pola in his book entitled Introduction to International Disaster Management, is divided into: Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, andRecovery. Phasing the disaster management is in the book entitled Integratingenviron mental safe guards into Disaster Management : afieldmanual. Sriyanie Mitht hapala, (2008; 75) explains that phasing the disaster management is divided into activities before the disaster happens, and activities after the disaster happens.

Activities before the disaster happens are divided into:a. Prevention
Prevention covers the protection done by building the structures and the infra structures to stop the disaster effects. It includes the policy and the legalization that influence the development plans.

b. Mitigation
Mitigation is an effort to reduce the impacts caused by the natural disaster. The activities done are by giving the counseling and suggestions about the disaster potential that happens.

c. Preparedness
Preparedness aims to reduce the loss of human lives as minimum as possible, building destruction and the infrastructures through fast and efficient actions towards rehabilitation responses. With the readiness, the society and the other stakeholders have possibility to give responses quickly, and precisely to the disaster and organized them well including the early warning, evacuation routes which have been planned and etc.

Activities after the disaster happens:a. Response/Relief
Response/Relief is collective actions done as soon as the disaster happens with purposes to save the victims, to lighten their sufferings and to reduce the economic loss due to the disaster. the actions done are by giving helps which include evacuating the victims to the safe locations, providing food, clothes, and etc.

b. Recovery
Recovery is activities done to return the humans psychologically and the infrastructures to the normal levels after the disaster happens. The activities done are by building the temporary houses and providing basic household facilities.

Rebuilding
Rebuilding is a long period response done after the disaster happens. In this phase, the permanent infrastructures are rebuilt, the ecosystems are recovered and the livelihoods that are broken due to the destruction of the disaster are rehabilitated. As

Materials and Methods:-
This research is qualitative research, it is a research based on the concept of "going exploring" which involves in-depthand case-oriented studyupon some cases or single case (Finlay, 2006). This research aims to describe, elaborate and analyze the problems which appear in involving the Force of the Indonesian National Infantry Army of the Military District Command 0818/Malang District and Batu in managing the natural disaster of Kelud mountain eruption reviewed from the point of view of the personnel readiness. Therefore, the data source, the informants, or the interviewees, which will be extracted to get the information, are the soldiers of the Indonesian National Infantry Army who are involved, the leaders or the commanders of the forces, the field commanders of the Indonesian National Infantry Army personnel in the Military District Command 0818/Malang District and Batu in managing the natural disaster of Kelud mountain eruption, through the snowball interviews and observation at the sites. The data analysis are done with qualitative descriptive, through the stages of the data presentation, data grouping and conclusion taking as described in the model of data analysis technique presented by Miles and Huberman (Sugiono, 2006; 227),

Second. The Task Force of Disaster and Refugee Management(Satgas PBP)
consists of the government staff (officials) (Functional Unit) and the society in that area that can integrate to do the further activities to save and to rehabilitate. For the integrated steps in managing the disaster and refugee management, the government establishes some Task Forces as follows: Rescue Task Force. The task force has duty to do the activities to search and help the victims in the disaster areas and also evacuate them to the safe areas to get further aids (help); Health Task Force. This task force does the medical evacuation, emergency treatment (medication) and if it is necessary this task force gives further aids(help); Public Work Task Force (PU). This task force does the emergency improvement on the economy medium, communication, clean water supplies, sanitation, and the live medium for the societies of the disaster victims; Social Task Force. This task force prepares the emergency tens (camps) and its equipment, organizing the soup kitchen, preparing the clothes and blankets for the victims who need; Cross-Community (Linmas) Task Force. This task force has activities as follows: 1)arranging the Cross-Community potency that consists of the employees and societies of the vital object; 2) doing the disaster management and managing the refugees in its areas; 3) doing the consultation and coordination with the Tramtib Sudin ( the discipline force) and the Cross-Community (Linmas) in Malang district. , also the Indonesian National Army involvement in managing the disaster covers the mobilization of the personnel and the logistics (alutista/the main equipment of weapon system) done by using the command systems (article 48 verse 1). It is not explained specifically about the limitation of the amount of the personnel mobilization, the mechanism of the alutista/ the main equipment of weapon system and its relation with the need of the nation defense and the command mechanism that is meant to (Ditjen Strahan, 2010, page 6)Moreover, the actor network in the emergency situation must act in a cooperative and mutually supportive way to be effective (Boin et al., 2010). There is also a requirement for flexibility and adaptive mechanisms that can respond to events as they happen. These essential challenges to emergency logistics management are increasingly getting attention from both practitioners and academic circles (Boin et al., 2010), and this may relate to the increasing scale and frequency of these events. Besides the Legal Protection, the obstacles faced by the Indonesian National Army generally in managing the natural disaster is that there is no clear procedurefrom the government related to the duty specification and the function of the Indonesian national Army especially the Infantry at the field, both at the headquarter levels and the local levels (DitjenStrahan, 2010, page 6). The budget support also becomes an important issue that becomes the obstacle for the Indonesian Appliance Supplies. Appliance supplies that can be used to help the local government in managing the natural disaster are very limited. If they are faced with the disaster that happened to some districts. Malang -Batu have not been be able to help the local government optimally. The Indonesian National Army especially the Infantry involvement out of the war (OMSP) show that the Indonesian National Army takes the responsibility to face the threat towards nation which has nontraditional characteristic. At a glance, the duty of OMSP done by the Indonesian National Army can be described like the aid help given by the Indonesian national Army to the institution that needed (Ditjen Strahan, 2010, 136). However, basically those duties have already consorted the Indonesian National Army as the Main component of National defense. Problem that might appear when the Indonesian National Army does the duty of OMSP is that there is no Rules Of Engagement that is clean and transparent to manage the task duty.
There is no authority order that influences the Indonesian National Army (TNI) preparation and the Indonesian national Army work performance in implementing those duties.Infrastructures and its maintenance are limited thus it influences the performance of TNI in disaster management duties. Previous research also demonstrated that appliances supplies, emergency-supporting infrastructures including ongoing maintenances are very much necessary things to be provided since disaster might occur anytime and have potentially break infrastructures in many ways (Clarke, 1999) In order to minimize the obstacles face on natural disaster management, the Military District Command (Kodim) 0818/Malang district -Batu did the training program suitable with the program that was in line with the program from the upper command. The training which was programmed to apply the duty of the OMSP especially training in managing the natural disaster for the Indonesian National Infantry Army Force, until now the training is still post rehearsal training. The Military District Command (Kodim) 0818/ Malang district -Batu.
Human resource development in an organization needs training, assessment and development achievement. Those three things must be done to improve the competiveness of an organization and to evaluate the tasks implemented by each personnel. An organization has a standard for each work force on duty whose has to master their duty and responsibilities tasks. Every organization tries hard to give briefing and training for its personnel therefore, they master their own task and can increase their work performance from each individual. The human resource development has a very important role in an organization. The development is implemented in the education and training with purpose that the main duty carried can be done effectively and efficiently.
To handle the budget obstacle, based on the interview result with the informants who became the doer in managing the disaster, the strategies that need to be done by the Military District Command (Kodim) 0818/Malang district and Batu, are collecting the budget from the donor both from the donation proposal given to the wealthy societies, to companies located in the areas of Malang district and to the district government of Malang and the government of Batu, through the post of the disaster aid budget, grants or unexpected funds. Therefore, with the helps from the societies, entrepreneurs or the district and city government, limited budget and structures and infrastructures that support the disaster management can be solved. Similar with other countries such as Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland and the UK, the defense ministry budget in cope with natural disaster management partly comes from humanitarian aid budget, other than from defense ministry budget itself (SIPRI, 2008

Conclusion:-
The capacity of the Indonesian National Infantry Army of the Military District Command (Kodim) 0818/ Malang district and Batu in implementing the duty of managing the natural disaster of Kelud mountain, was done since before the eruption happened,including implementing the greening on the barren forest, repairing the drainage, counseling to the societies through Babinsa about the areas which are prone from the natural disaster, procedural explanation in cope with natural disaster by commander of the military district and Babinsa, and simulation in dealing with natural disaster. During the mount eruption disaster,evacuating the victims to the refugee camps, keeping the safety of the victims who still could be saved and keeping the location safety, doing the inventory of lives loss, wealth gradually, building the aid posts and distributing the logistics to the refugees were conducted. Activities after the eruption also conducted including rehabilitation such as rebuilding the structures and the infrastructures of the public interests service and people"s belonging in the disaster areas until it reaches the adequate levels in the post disaster areas with the main targets to normalize the implementation of the government and the society"s lives; reconstruction includingrebuilding the structures and the infrastructures of the government institution and society"s organization in the disaster areas with the main target to grow and improve the economy activities, social and cultural activities, upholding the laws and disciplines and the rising all aspects of social lives. However, hindrance always occurred in the process of implementation of the Indonesian National Infantry Army in managing the natural disaster of Kelud mountain, including limited budgets, the unclear tasks, limited education and training, as well as limited appliance supplies. In order to solve those obstacles, some strategies are conducted, including education and training sustainably and with stages to improve the soldier human resource of the Indonesian National Infantry Army and the professionalism, seeking the own budget through the aid proposal to the wealthy societies, entrepreneurs, and the Local Government of Malang District and Batu, proposing the new regulations to make the previous regulation more perfect to the Strategic Commander of the Infantry Army (Pangkostra, there is a specific regulation about the authority of the Military District Command that supervises the area of the disaster, both the commands, the personnel and the equipment needed and the budget post that is used as well.