DESALINATION USING ACTIVATED CARBON FROM MANGROVE ROOTS.

Jenny Caroline 1 and Maritha Nilam Kusuma 2 . 1. Department Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya Indonesia. 2. Department Environment Engineering, Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya Indonesia. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

Most of population on the coastal area in Timor Leste needs fresh water. About 40% people is lack fresh water because there is no water treatment for salt water. People in coastal area recieve clean water from deep wells and but the distribution water is not enough. Some technologies have been made to treat salt water to fresh water. As we all know that salt water is very abundant in coastal area, but the quality ofwater contain is high salt, it cant be used for the water needs of communities. We often hear when dry season coastal communities began to shotage water. Rainwater is one of source of water wich is prerared to increase water needs of communities. Rainwater that has been prepared in reservoir is not often sufficient in dry season. In the era industrialization, population and socioeconomic increase rapidly. it resulted in the basic human needs especially for clean water increases.The demand for clean water supply is increasing while the water resources in nature is very limited, make the enhancement of efficiency for water treatment as the main requirement. To solve the problem of fresh water supply in coastal areas, one of the technology to treat salt water become fresh water is using desalination.
Literature Review:-Seawater contains various of salts. In the tropical area wich has high rainfall, seawater containing 3.5% of salinity. There are some physical properties of water such as: Temperature:-Temperature of seawater depens on high threshold salinity separates open liquid. Sea water temperature changes because of heat transfer from one mass to another mass. Heat transfers because of radiation from spase and sun, heat conduction of atmospheric and condensation of water vapor. While decreasing of seawater surfaces temperature because of radiaion turning seawater into the atmosphare, through conduction heat into the atmosphare, and evaporation. The sun has the greatest effect in changes sea surface temperatures and variations of temperature change is influenced by the geographical position of waters.

Salinity:-
Salinity is the total amount of dissolved material (expressed in grams) contained in 1 kg of seawater, salinity unit: 0/00 (per mile). Salinity is concentration of salts or dissolved salts in water. Salinity can also refer to the salt content in the soil. Mostly the salt content in most lakes, river, and fresh water.
Density:-Density is a direct function of the depth of teh sea, and are also affected by salinity, temperature, and pressure. The density of sea water is amount of seawater per unit volume.

Physical and chemical charachteristics of sea water:-
The chemical composition of river water same with the composition of sea water. In fresh water, dissolved salts are generally composed of salt carbonate (CO 3 ) and salt bicarbonate (HCO 3 ) from metals such as Ca, Mg, Na, K. Compare it with sea water, the chemical elements that exist in freshwater fewer in number and more simple. In seawater, mostly consisting of (± 96.5%) and an average of 3.5% (= 35%) is a component of dissolved inorganic.

Adsorben:-
The adsorbent is a solid substance that can adsorb fluid particles in a process adsorption. The adsorbent is specific and made from porous materials. The adsorbent is specific and made of porous materials. Selection of the type of adsorbent in the adsorption process should be tailored to the nature and circumstances of the substance to be adsorbed and commercial value. In general the type of adsorbent divided into two, that is:

Polar Adsorbent:-
The types of polar adsorbent also called hydrophilic are silica gel, activated alumina, and zeolite.

Non-polar Adsorbent:-
The types of non-polar adsorbent also called hydrophopic are polymer adsorbent and activated carbon.

Mangroves:-
Normally, Rhizophora mucronata grows in shoreline that flooded tide, although sometimes grows in the coast. In good environment , Rhizophora mucronata reached 3.5 meter high that can be used as firewood and the charcoal produced is good quality because it has a high calorific value of around 4,400 kcal / kg -7,300 kcal / kg (FAO, 1994). Rhizophora sp. has air roots grow well, number of arches roots are influenced by the location of the tree, young bark is gray and has a cell nucleus, rugged and easy to peel, ussually used to dye.For family Rhizophoraceae has the largest leaf size. upper leaves are glossy green to yellow-green. Leaf length between 13 cm to 23 cm and width of leaves between 6 cm to 12 cm. The leaves are oval and tapered with a length of 5-7 mm there are black dots on the lower surface of old leaves (Willemsen et al., 2016). The flower of this plant form a group, about 4-16 pairs, the length of 14-16 mm, width 7-9 mm, the colour is yellow-green when young, the colour of bud is ivory, number of petals is 4, furry, stamens is short between 1-2 mm. On the flower there arefruit with lenght about 6 cm to 8 cm and width about 2 cm to 3 cm. Rhizophoraceae's seed is very large as long as 90 cm, it has sharp ends and short. Seed rarely are when fell to the ground.

Figure 1:-Mangroves
Result And Discussion:in the adsorbtion process using activated carbon adsorbent of mangrove roots with HCl activation or H 2 SO 4 materials would also decreased levels of chloride. The largest decreasing chloride levels in the seawater using 100g adsorbent with H 2 SO 4 as activation materials. This is because the dose of adsorbent used is much and mangrove roots are able to adsorb seawater then the salt levels in the processing of the adsorbent of mangrove roots are able to absorb chloride levels in seawater.
Based on the chart figure 2, it can be seen that the material of activeted carbon H 2 SO 4 activation is more effective in decreasing the levels of chloride becuase H 2 SO 4 is acidic then able to absorb chloride levels up to 15.3% .mangrove root able to absorb nutrient (De-León-Herrera et al., 2015)  HCl activation H2SO4 activation