ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS BARK, LEAF AND SEED EXTRACTS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

S. MD. Abdul Razak 1 , Mohammed Elyas 1 , Tara Thomas 1 and Zahoorullah. S. MD 2* . 1. Department of Medicine, Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramarajupalli, Pulivendula Road, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh-516003. 2. Department of Biotechnology, Joginpally B.R Engineering college, Yenkapally, Moinabad Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, Telangana-500075. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

Many medicinal trees and plant extracts of bark, leaf and seeds are in use as antibacterial, hepatoprotective, haemostatic, astringent, antidiarroheal and anti-inflammatory. Thespesia Populnea is known as Indian tulip tree and belongs to Malvaceae family of plant kingdom. It is distributed in coastal forest and tropical regions in India. On the other hand Helianthus annuus L., commonly known as sunflower, seeds are utilized for antidiabetic effect in Indian system of medicine. In the present review paper, both the plant extracts are compared and their uses were summarized. The ethanolic extract of the plant bark, leaf and ethanolic extract of sunflower seeds evaluation studies for their effect against the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats are discussed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:-
Diabetic mellitus (DM) is the condition arising due to abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It is caused by insulin deficiency, often combined with insulin resistance [1]. This disorder occur world wide and its occurrence is increasing quickly in most of the countries. Various complications develop as a consequence of the metabolic derangement in diabetes [2]. The treatment of DM is based on parenteral insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs. Currently used Oral hypoglycemic agents have serious side effects, hence there is a need to search a newer anti-diabetic agents that are having high therapeutic efficacy with minimum side effects [3]. This may be fulfilled by treating DM with traditional medicine using anti-diabetic agents from medicinal plants. It is estimated that there are 171 million people in the world with diabetes by the year 2000 and this is likely to increase up to 366 million by the year 2030 [4]. There are various herbs which are used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Large number of plants have been explored for their antidiabetic potential, for e.g Cyompsis tetragonoloba [5], Cichorum intybus [6], Ficus carica [7], Picralima nitida [8], Phyllanthus amarus [9], Abutilon indicum [10], Clausena Anisata, [11], Alpinia galangal [12] etc.
At present, nearly 222 clinical trials investigating the effects of antidiabetic plants on diabetic patients are undergoing [13]. However from 1950 to 1970, only five drugs of plant origin were successfully tested in clinical phases and came in to market [14]. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new drugs and interventions that can be used to manage this metabolic disorder. Thespesia populnea ex correa (family malvaceae) is a large tree found in ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 4(12), 1142-1145 1143 the tropical regions and coastal forests in India and cultivated in the gardens. All the parts of the plant are used in traditional system of medicine. The bark, leaves, flower and fruits are useful in cutaneous infection such as scabies, psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, and guinea worm.
The decoction of the bark is commonly used for the treatment of skin and liver diseases. A compound oil of bark and capsules are useful in urethritits and gonorrhea. The bark, root, fruits were used in dysentery, cholera and hemorrhoids [15]. The fruits of the plant are used in ayurveda for the control of diabetes [16]. An ayurvedic preparation contains Thespesia populnea, namely "panchvalkala" posses' free radical scavenging activity [17]. The barks and flowers posses astringent, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in rats [18], [19], [20], [21] and also supposed to improve the memory [22].
Helianthus annuus L. is a coarse, stout and erect annual plant which is 1-3 meters high. It produces greyish green or black seeds encased in tear-dropped shaped grey or black shells that often times featured black and white strips. Seeds encased in plant contains monoterpenes (α-pinene, Sabinene) [16][17], diterpenes (Helikauranoside) [18], oleic acid, triacyl glycerol, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, fixed oils, flavanoids [19], sesquiterpenes lactones [18] and alkaloids [20]. Flowers contain quercimeritrin, anthocyanin, abundant amount of cholin and betain, triterpene [21] and saponins [22]. Seeds contain 45 to 48 percent fixed oil, tannins [23] and polyphenols [24]. Helianthus annuus L. is a folk remedy for bronchiectasis, bronchitis, carbuncles, catarrh, cold, colic, cough, diarrhoea, dysentery, dysuria, epistaxis, eyes, fever, flu, fractures, inflammations, laryngitis, lungs, malaria, menorrhagia, pleuritis, rheumatism, scorpion stings, snakebite, splenitis, urogenital ailments, whitlow and wounds [25]. The preliminary phytochemical studies indicated the presence of carbohydrate, protein, tannins, phenol, flavonoids, terpenes, saponins and gums in the ethanolic extract of the bark and leaf. In acute toxicity study, the ethanolic extract of Thespesia populnea bark and leaf did not produced lethality up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg. In the antidiabetic activity, the blood sugar levels were measured in first to six groups of experimental rats in initial and at the 5, 10 and 15 days of treatments. Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats showed significant increase in the level of blood sugar. Oral administration of bark extract and leaf extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight showed the significant decrease (P< 05) on blood sugar level in 10 to 15 days of treatment (Table 1).

Antidiabetic activity of
Antidiabetic effect of Helianthus annuus L., seeds:-Shivani Saini and Sunil Sharma,2013 demonstrated that the antihyperglycemic effect of ethanol extract at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg, studied in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type2 diabetic rats comparing the results with normal, glucose loaded hyperglycemic. A significant low levels in blood glucose of normal glycemic rats (P<0.05) are shown by administration of alcoholic extract of Helianthus annuus L. at two dosages 250mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, p.o. respectively. A reduction in blood glucose levels (P<0.01) is observed in diabetic rats with oral glucose tolerance test.
Administration of seeds extract in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats have shown a significant decrease in the blood glucose level (P<0.001) compare to Glibenclamide (600 μg/kg). It has restored the lipid profile, showed improvement in body weight, plasma malondialdehyde, glutathione level, liver glycogen content, glycosylated haemoglobin and serum insulin levels in diabetic rats (Table 2). 1144

Conclusion:-
The ethanolic extract of Thespesia populnea bark and leaf exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The study demonstrated the potential antidiabetic property of ethanolic extract of Helianthus annuus L. seeds in Type2 diabetes mellitus. Chlorogenic acid present in seeds is reported to have antidiabetic effect. Present efforts are directed to isolate active constituent from the plant extract and confirmation of mechanism of action. The result of this experimental study indicates that both the ethanolic extracts of Thespesia populnea bark and leaf, Helianthus annuus L. seeds extracts posses' anti-diabetic effect against STZ induced diabetic rats causing a reduction in diabetes and its complications.