ENHANCEMENT OF MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia mangostana) ORGANOGNENESIS USING EXPLANTS FOR ITS BENEFICIAL DEMANDS

1. Research Scholar, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. 2. Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, PEE GEE College of Arts & Science, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

The fruit:-Mangosteen belongs to the medium tree category which is 30-60 feet (9-18 m) tall, with a straight trunk and a rounded, dense crown. The new bark of Mangosteen is bright green and smooth and rough with age. The thick leaves are elliptical and bright green, from 3-6 inches in length. The flowers are solitary or in pairs at the branch apex, 1-2 inches in diameter, with 4 pinkish white petals and 4 persistent sepals (H. K. L. Goh et al., 1998). The fruit is round, 2-3 inches in diameter, with a thick purple rind surrounding 4-8 fruit segments. The pulp is aromatic and has a delightful sweet sour taste. Usually only one enlarged segment has a viable seed, which is flattened and about 1/2 inch long (Tran Van Minh, 2005).
Mangosteen has no hint of sourness or acidity. Its uniform sweetness and lack of astringency symbolizes that the fruit is not moody fruit like jamun, and it is not fickle with an ever-changing flavor like longan (Ika Rostika et al., 2008). It is highly nutritious which contains Carbohydrates of about 6-20 g; Proteins of about 0.6 g; severalvitamins such as A, C, B1, B2 and Niacin ranging from 0.03 -0.3 mg (Mohammad Hossein Torabi Sirch et al., 2008).
Demands Of The Fruit:-1. Delicious and juicy, mangosteen is one of the popular tropical fruits. It comprises of an impressive list of essential nutrients which required for normal growth and development and overall nutritional well-being. 2. It is moderately low in calories (63 calories per 100 g) and contains no saturated fats or cholesterol.
Nonetheless, it is rich in dietary fiber (100 g provides about 13% of RDA) (Sompong Te-chato, Mongkol Lim, 1999). 3. Mangosteen is a good source of Vitamin-C and provides about 12% of RDA per 100 g. Vitamin-C is a powerful water soluble antioxidant. Consumption of fruits rich in vitamin-C helps the human body develop resistance against viral flu and help scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free-radicals. 4. Fresh fruit is a mild source of B-complex vitamins such as thiamin, niacin, and folates. These vitamins are acting as cofactors the help body metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fats (FauziyahHarahap et al., 2014). 5. Further, it also contains a splendid amount of minerals like copper, manganese, and magnesium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids and helps control heart rate, and blood pressure, thus, it offers protection against stroke and coronary heart diseases 6. The fruit rind is ground and used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, and for skin diseases. A tea made from the leaves and bark is used to lower fever and for urinary disorders. 7. The tree, with its glossy green leaves and symmetrical shape, is also a beautiful ornamental (Sompong Te-Chato, 2004).

Materials and method:-Plant procurement:
The Mangosteen plants were collected from the nursery and maintained in the Genewin Biotech, Hosur for easy acclimatization.

Explant Excision:-
The explants such as seeds from a matured ripen mangosteen fruit were collected along with the leaves which were trialed for the mass propagation both by Direct and Indirect organogenesis.

a) Seeds b) Leaves Fig 1: Collection of Explants 656
Surface sterilization:-Mangosteen leaves obtained from mature trees and seeds were excised to 1 x 1 cm square segments. The explants were shaken in antifungal and antibacterial solution, carbendazim (0.1%) and streptocycline (0.1%) for 15 minutes. The sterilization is followed by wiping of explants very carefully using ethanol with sterilized cotton for the removal of layers of dust or microbes. Finally, explants were treated using detergent, Polysorbate 20for 20 minutes. The explants were washed with sterile water three times to ensure the complete removal of foam.
The sterilization is further carried out inside laminar air flow chamber using surface sterilant and 3 sets of experiments were performed (Mohammad Hossein Torabi Sirch et al., 2008). SET 1: Mercuric chloride (0.1%) as surface sterilant for 3, 5, 7, 9min. The explants were removed from the mercuric chloride solution and washed with sterile water 3 times to eliminate the toxic effects of Mercuric chloride. SET 2: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as surface sterilant at various concentrations such as 10%, 20% and 30% for 20 min.  Majority of the explants survived after treatment when they were exposed to Ethanol 70% for about 5 min. Treatment with 1and 3 min were found with slight mortality of the explants whereas treatment with Mercuric chloride and Sodium hypochlorite at various concentrations and timings exposure led to the larger rate of mortality and some of them were non-responsive. Shoot response was observed to 81% using Ethanol 70% as the best treatment at 5 min.

Effect of surface sterilization -leaves:
As a part of indirect organogenesis, leaves were collected, surface sterilized and inoculated in the media for the observations. Majority of the explants survived after treatment when they were exposed to Ethanol 70% for about 5 min. Treatment with 1and 3 min were found with slight mortality of the explants whereas treatment with Mercuric chloride and Sodium hypochlorite at various concentrations and timings exposure led to the larger rate of mortality 658 and some of them were non-responsive. Shoot response was observed to 89% using Ethanol 70% as the best treatment at 5 min. Callus formation was recorded initially which was found green in color and further transferred in the fresh medium for the formation of shoots.

Conclusion:-
In this study, it was evident that the Mangosteen explants responded to Micropropagation technique because of which the cost effective large propagation can be done and the medicinal values can be utilized. This technique helps to overcome the recalcitrant difficulty faced by the mangosteen seeds. Direct organogenesis using seeds showed higher Initiation response after surface sterilization. Leaves as indirect organogenesis led to the formation of callus and transferred to next stage for the development of shoots.