COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING SMART CITIES OF INDIA BY AHP: A CASE STUDY.

In developing scenario of India, the concept of smart cities is playing a crucial role. The solid waste management is necessary not only in maintaining the hygienic environment but in reducing the probable health hazards. The current study deals in obtaining weightage of chief ingredient of solid waste management viz. chief criteria like waste collection, transportation, disposal, energy recovery etc. along with their respective sub criteria. Putting these weightage to reference, the data obtained in the survey study from Indore, Jabalpur and Nagpur city will be compared. This study will provide vital results to identify achievements as well as the lacuna in the solid waste management process of the respective cities. This paper presents the results of a subsequent comparative analysis of the 3 cities, using the fresh and existing data collected to compare and contrast solid waste management systems. This is important tocompare performance of cities and to allow cities to learn from each other. Comparative analysis of solid waste management system of Jabalpur, Indore and Nagpur is carried and results are given in below tables.

In developing scenario of India, the concept of smart cities is playing a crucial role. The solid waste management is necessary not only in maintaining the hygienic environment but in reducing the probable health hazards. The current study deals in obtaining weightage of chief ingredient of solid waste management viz. chief criteria like waste collection, transportation, disposal, energy recovery etc. along with their respective sub criteria. Putting these weightage to reference, the data obtained in the survey study from Indore, Jabalpur and Nagpur city will be compared. This study will provide vital results to identify achievements as well as the lacuna in the solid waste management process of the respective cities.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:-
In the current study, the data regarding the collection, transportation, disposal, energy recovery, financial issues and social awareness was collected from the officials as well as public. With the above given chief criteria and sub criteria of each particular criteria, a result with the help of pairwise comparison, was generated. This result achieved lead the study to build an ideal weightage of each element in the performance index.
AHP that is Analytic Hierarchy Process is a multi-criteria decision making method. AHP derives ratio scales from paired comparisons of criteria and allows for some small inconsistencies in judgments. Inputs can be actual measurements, but also subjective opinions. This method is theoretically sound for weighting and selecting individual indicators. In a hierarchical model of a decision problem, broad overall objectiveis the crown of the structure. The lower levels includes the criteria, sub criteria and also alternatives used for evaluation.
AHP consists of three main principles, including hierarchy frame work, priority analysis and consistency verification. Formulating the decision problem in the form of hierarchy framework is first step of AHP, while top level presents object, and later presents criteria and sub-criteria and alternatives. Once a hierarchy framework is constructed, a pair wise comparison matrix is setup at each levels and compare each other according to Saaty"s scale. In this study, use of AHP was constructed considering SWM of cities and the criteria are considered. Mathematically the method is based on the solution of an Eigen value problem. The results of the pair-wise comparisons are arranged in a matrix. The first normalized Eigen vector of the matrix gives the ratio scale (weighting), the largest Eigen value determines the consistency ratio.            1334 Check for the consistency:-Calculate largest Eigen value δ = S c1 X 1 + S c2 X 2 + S c3 X 3 + S c4 X 4 + S c5 X 5 + S c6 X 6 Calculate consistency index (CI), CI = δ Verify consistency ratio (CR) <10% CR = Comparative analysis of SWM of Jabalpur, Indore and Nagpur cities of India:-Jabalpur city is located in Jabalpurdistrict of Madhya Pradesh state, on the right Bank of Narmada River. Jabalpur city lies at having coordinates 79º 55" 37" to 79 º 57" 54" longitudes and 23º 09" 10" to 23º 11" 06" latitudes. Jabalpur is among the major cities of Madhya Pradesh. The population sum ups up to 1,055,525, and decadal growth rate of 14.51% (according to the 2011 census). The growth of urban population in large Indian cities is leading to pressure of municipal bodies for effective services, SWM being one of the foremost challenges confronting the municipal bodies.Local households, markets, commercial establishments, hotels, restaurants, and hospitals serve as the primary source for production of solid waste. The total quantity of waste generated per day is in the order of 516 tons at the rate of 432 gpcd. In the absence of significant tourism-related activity, there is no significant seasonal variation in the quantity of waste generated.
Nagpur is the 13th largest Indian city in terms of population. It has been proposed as one of the Smart Cities in Maharashtra. Nagpur lies at having coordinates 21.15 E 0 97 N . The city covers an area under NMC limit of 227.36 Sq.km and population of the city as per the 2011 census is 23, 98,165. The city is divided into 38 wards. The Nagpur Mahanagar Corporation gave contract to private companies that will work on the project "electricity from the waste". Currently, Bhandewadi area dumping ground is used for the collection of the waste. The project was signed by the NMC back in 2017 which will last for next 15years including 2 years of construction. NMC donated around 248 Crores for the project. From this project around 11.5 MW electricity will be produced which will be sold at 7 Rs/unit. Indore is the most populous and the largest city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It comes under Tier 2 cities in India. Indore lies at having Coordinates 22°43′0″N 75°50′50″E covering area 530 sq. km. It has been ranked first in Swachh Bharat Abhiyan two years in a row (2017 and 2018) and is thecleanest city in India. The city generates nearly 50,000 kilos of municipal waste every day, 13,000 kilos of which is plastic waste. Plastic is nonbiodegradable and much of it is difficult to recycle. The city used to dispose its daily plastic waste, all 13,000 kilos of it, by burning it. Just five months ago, the city was almost choking in smog caused due to the burning of such 1335 large amounts of plastic. This is when the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) decided to change its strategy and overturn the despicable state of Indore"s plastic waste. In January this year they set up a Plastic Collection Centre (PCC) to reuse and recycle the city"s plastic waste. This paper presents the results of a subsequent comparative analysis of the 3 cities, using the fresh and existing data collected to compare and contrast solid waste management systems. This is important tocompare performance of cities and to allow cities to learn from each other. Comparative analysis of solid waste management system of Jabalpur, Indore and Nagpur is carried and results are given in below tables. It is observed from the score of collection and storage that Indore leads in the first place because it scored 258.55 that is 87% of the weightage. Indore has a better system for collection and segregation of waste and 100% frequency of waste collection. Every day door to door collection twice a day increase awareness in public. Jabalpur has door to door collection but it reached only 60-70%. Jabalpur and Nagpur needs to improvise in terms of collection and segregation of waste. 1336 Disposal:-In the process of solid waste management, there are different ways of disposal i.e. landfilling, incineration, recycling and biological processing can be implemented depending upon the material. In incineration processing Jabalpur have a 100% score as the incineration plant is in fully working state. Along with incineration, biological processing is also implemented but due to lack of segregation of waste, larger portion of waste which is biologically treated is sent for the incineration plant.

Table15:-Score of Main Criteria Collection & Storage
In Indore they have Asia"s biggest bio-methanisation plant which treatsaround 20 tons of organic waste daily, so in biological processing it scores 100%.From being labelled as the biggest plastic waste generator in Madhya Pradesh in 2013, to putting 50% of city"s plastic waste to reuse in 2017, Indore is a shining example to other big cities in India batteling with waste management woes. Nagpur show poor performance in this criteria it does not have any proper solid waste management plant and not any recycling done at government level. Score of criteria Disposal given in table 17. Energy recovery:-Waste to energy (WTE) is a term that is used to describe various technologies that convert non-recyclable waste into usable forms of energy including heat, fuels and electricity. WTE can occur through a number of processes such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery. Here, the term WTE is commonly used in specific reference to incineration which burns completely combusted waste at ultra-high temperatures allowing for energy recovery. Inthis, Indore and Jabalpur both have nearbyequivalent percentage.
Jabalpur hadwaste to energy plant kathonda, which converts waste of all over city into useful energy (electricity, ash, fuel gases) but efficiency of plant effected if waste is not segregated properly because wet waste have more energy to burn which reduces the efficiency of plant so that wet waste is not properly sent to composting sites.
Indore have their bio-methanation plant but waste to energy plant is not present currently.
Nagpur hasits own energy recovery project "electricity from the waste". The project was signed by the NMC back in 2017 which will last for next 15years including 2 years of construction. It is still not completed. Score of criteria Energy recovery given in table 18. In financial evaluation Indore scored 90% as it recycles 50% of plastic. Indore generates compost out of biological waste. This city municipal corporation has also set particular charges in terms of finefor splitting on the public 1337 property, not using dustbins etc. Such strict terms also play an important role in cleaning city and creating awareness. Spot fine collection has been roughly noted to around 80lacs in last 18months in Indore. Indore have 800 vehicles with live tracking by GPS system. 2200 twin bins installed in 92 commercial areas. Total number of staff is 6500 at present. Estimated amount spent on the drive was 60crore.
In Jabalpur total number of staff is 3200 at present. Estimated spent amount for waste management plant is 1470 rupee per ton. Waste generation per day around is 520 +/-10% TPD which is likely to reach at around 600 TPD by 2020. At present plant is working with the capacity of 580 TPD which shows that it only meets present demand and cannot process the dumped waste. This year plant runs on 90% PLF and efficiency at net calorific value 1650 Kcal/Kg. Score of criteria financial issue is given in table 19. In Jabalpur slogans have been painted and in some area goal of clean city had been achieved though it is not fulfilled by every area of city.Some parts of city are still unaware ofthe scheme. Mobile application was launched in Jabalpur nagar nigam but due to lack of mobile application users very few complaints had been received.
Nagpur had poor performance in this criterion. Nagpur lacksadvertising, mobile application and even few wall slogans wereobservedonly in the civil areas. Score of criteria Awareness given in table 20.

Conclusion:-
Municipal solid waste management is an important factor concerning wellness of the natural environment. In the current study, by pairwise comparison of every element in the hierarchy model, judgemental values were calculated that were further used for the calculation of weightage of the criteria and sub criteria of SWM indicators. The whole process of calculation was termed as analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Referring the table, it can be stated that Indore is efficient in all the categories in SWM. Indore has the best waste transportation system with the usage of multiple number of vehicles (95.33%), highest percentage of social awareness created by implementing social media, mobile application, visual and audible social media as well as advertisements. Jabalpur has performed moderately in all the categories while Nagpur has to the lowest percentage in all the categories.
Though every city corporation have some proposed plans viz. waste to energy recovery plant proposal in Nagpur as well as Indore city etc. and they are taking positive steps for the contribution in the cleanliness of the nation, these cities should follow steps taken by well managed cities for quicker growth in the field of solid waste management.