MONITORING ANTHROPOCENE EPOCH IN THE MAHANADI BASIN AND CHILIKA LAGOON , INDIA

Dr. Siba Prasad Mishra 1 and Saswat Mishra 2 . 1. Civil Engineering Department, Centurion University of Technology & Management Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050. 2. Civil Engineering Department, Centurion University of Technology & Management Jatni, Bhubaneswar, 752050. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History


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(under construction) in Chhattisgarh could not control the floods rather dry up the river Mahanadi in upper Mahanadi basin (UMB). All the dams in the upper basin of Mahanadi (UMB) got depleted at present. Like other deltas of world Mahanadi delta is shrinking and sinking as dams upstream arrests 66.7% of sediment in 21 st century Mishra S P (2016) [9] . The federal govt. in the basin has allowed water supply to large number of Industries which were not provided in the water schedule of the dam projects during project planning.
The Super TPP set up at Lara in Chhattisgarh by NTPC shall affect 27villages in Jharsuguda in middle Mahanadi basin (MMB) with smoke, dust and GHG's (Times of India TNN, 1 st Jan, (2016). The heavy extraction of ores and minerals in Odisha and Chhattisgarh made the basin polluted today. The water of the river Mahanadi is heavily polluted and even unfit for agriculture in summer.
Ill planned and miss-coordinated management of the basin has resulted in some man made floods in the past. Paucity of water head for hydro-power and unavailability for agriculture water during Rabi crops are common in the basin. However anastomosed irrigation system in the basin and the delta has eradicated the famine in the basin from the date of inception of the Anthropocene.
The sedimentation, pollution and shrimp culture in the Chilika lagoon have downsized it and affected the economic stability of the stake holders. The social, economic and political turmoil of the area urged the lake users for migration and marginalization Mishra S. P. (2015) [5] .
The present study is monitoring the causes and the impacts of anthropogenic and climatic changes in the basin during the Anthropocene period. The possible management of the ill effects of Anthropocene and curative attributes is also discussed.

The Mahanadi Basin:-
The Mahanadi basin (80° 30' to 86° 50' E Long and 19° 21' to 23° 35'.N Lat.), in the East Coast India was an outcrop of rifting and break up of Gondwana land of Antarctica during late Jurassic to early Cretaceous period. This sedimentary river basin has catchment area of 141589 Km 2 . The runoff drain mainly through the Chhattisgarh states (75136 Km 2 ), and Odisha (65580 km 2 ) supporting a population of 1.577millions (Fig 1). Geomorphologic classification of the basin is the Upper Mahanadi basin (UMB), Middle Mahanadi Basin (MMB) and the lower Mahanadi Basin (LMB) Mishra et al (2015) [10] , Fig-1(b). The basin has maximum elevation of 1321 m whereas MMB has elevation of (100 and 750m) but major portion lies in elevation range of 200 to 400m.
The 851 km long river has reduced its annual average discharges 66.88 BCum in past to 41.57 BCum at present (CWC data from 1993-2012) draining to Bay of Bengal between Paradip and Chilika. The average annual sediment load of the river has decreased from 26.95 MMT in 1980-84 (Delta development plan, Govt. Of Odisha, 1986) [11] to 10.723 MMT during 1993-2012 as per CWC GOI data. Similarly 20% and 18% of the ground water (GW) are harnessed from available 13.678 MCM and 23.09 BCM respectively in Chhattisgarh and Odisha respectively (WR Deptt, Raipur) and in Odisha (CGWB, Odisha). The drainage density of the basin is low (0.022) up to 700kms indicating the soil has high resistivity, permeable, thick vegetative forest cover and low relief (WR Dept, Odisha).
The basin covers 45 districts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh Jharkhand and Maharashtra. There are, 253 dams (small to large), 14 barrages, 13 weirs, one Lift, six power houses, two cuts and a tidal inlet constructed during the Anthropocene epoch in the basin Fig 2 (a). The LU and LC of the basin as per 2005-06 data Bhuban, NRSC, HYD. are built-up land 4677km 2 , forest 46356 km 2 , agricultural land 76838 km 2 (54.27%), waste land 7423.8 km 2 and water bodies of 6294 km 2 (4.45%). The soils in the basin are red, yellow, mixed red and black, laterite and deltaic CWC,(2014) [12] (Fig 1(c) The Mahanadi delta:-The arcuate shaped Mahanadi delta has average inland length of 72km, coastal length 200 km and a spread of 9500 km 2 Fig 3(b). The entire delta is lacustrine, flood plains, swamps, lagoons or alluvial land mass with Paddy, casunuts and coconut as the major products. In 1900, during pre-epoch, Cuttack was the only city in the delta but in the last century two major cities and six major townships have developed indicating the anthropogenic stress over the delta. The delta had been sunk and shrunk with eroded coast line and polluted river water Fig 3 (b).

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Chilika lagoon:-The Chilika, (19° 28' -54' N. lat. and 85° 05' -85° 38' E. long.), a gulf in pre-Holocene, formed its spit from south 2500-3000 years BP and became a lagoon lying in the southern corner of Mahanadi delta. Gradually sedimentation downsized the lagoon from 1500 km 2 to 1165 km 2 and even less and threatened its ecology and biodiversity. Poor flow exchange and shifting of tidal inlets have brought a debate about the conversion of the brackish lagoon to a fresh water one like Koleru lake in Andhra Pradesh the prototype and death of Aral lake in middle east. The impact of sedimentation in the lagoon, were conversion of 393 km 2 from lacustrine area to land (1920 to 1993), reduction in average depth from 3m to 1.6m (1922 to 2000) and disappearance of about 40% of brackish water species (1920 to 1999), (Pattanaik S 2001) [13] . The aqua catch of the lagoon was 8924MT in 1986-87, 1274MT in 1995-96 and enhanced to 12000MT in 2009-10 after dredging of Sipakuda mouth. (CDA report, 2001 & 2012, www.cda.com) [14] . Shrimp/prawn culture, tourism activities, gherry bunds and effluents from the inflowing rivers have polluted the lagoon. Degradation in catch, economic instability, antisocial activities and political enforcements has induced migration, occupational shifts and marginalization of the 0.8 million stake holders in and around the lagoon. The high floods, shifting of inlets to north and depletion of inlets are causing resolution and regeneration of islands/isles within the lagoon (Fig 2 (a).and (b)

Review of Literature:-
The new geological epoch, Anthropocene, in geological time scale is a misnomer. A few literatures are available in this topic. Bastia et al., (2016) [15] reported that the annual discharge and sediment flow from Mahanadi basin to Bay of Bengal from 1980-2010 was about 49±20. 5 [16] , reported that fuel wood consumption has decreased in India. The Low fuel wood value index (FVI) in India is of Chhattisgarh (4.37 m/t) and Odisha is (4.84 m/t). Highest annual Carbon dioxide emission was recorded in UP (31.4 MT) and lowest in Chhattisgarh (7.19 MT) in 2015.
Chaturvedi B. K. (2016) [17] has mentioned that 80% of 85.0 billion people living in villages in India use wood and cow dung as fuel which may cause asphyxiation deaths due to indoor smoke. Earth system research laboratories, Hawaii are recording CO 2 level from 1958 and found that by 2014 the rate of increase was @1.47 ppm/year. Per capita CO 2 emission in India was 0.27 and 1.92 MT in the years 1960 and 2014 respectively, Business standard, 9th May 2015. Balsubramanian, (2011) [18] have reported that CO 2 level was 280 ppm in 1850's which have risen up to 413 ppm in 2014. Similarly the MSL rise @ 3.2mm/year shall submerge many islands in future. Jena P. P. et al., (2014) [20] , reported there is increased trend of rainfall in Mahanadi basin. The transportation reach contribute more to the increasing trend in southern part of basin which is to be studied whether anthropogenic or Natural network. Naik et al (2008) [19] reported that the weed spread area in the Chilika 20 Km 2 in 1972 has increased to 523 km 2 in Oct 2000 and in May 2001 the weed free area was 506 Km 2 . The sea grass area has increased from 24 8 Km 2 to 86.84 km 2 after opening of dredged mouth at Sipakuda, Fadanvis et al., (2016) [21] reported the trend in CO 2 fluxes was −1.85 ± 2.3 %/year (TgC yr−1 ) in CT-2010, over Mahanadi basin.
Ghose et al,. 2011 [22] stated that there is 14% decrease in sediment over a decade due to anthropogenic activities. The dissolved load is < 25% of the total sediment load. Globevnik Lidija et al, 2003 [23], informed anthropogenic activities enhance natural process of erosion and source for sediment influx to river runoff. But dams cause subsidence in deltas for paucity in availability of sediment due to retention Syvitski et al, 2005 [24] , 2009 [25] .The River Mahanadi has reduced 67% of sediment quantity to its delta in recent years, Gupta et al, 2012 [26] . Soil erosion rate in the Mahanadi basin fluctuate from 116 to 940 T/km2 /yr Chakrapani (2014), Sodhaganga [27] whereas the erosion rate in the delta is 200 to 400 MT/Km 2 . The River Mahanadi carries average 15.74 MMT of sediments annually to the Bay Mohanty M. (2005) [28] . Climatic changes in the basin:-Climatic changes are natural but influenced by human forcing. The basin is in peninsular central India and lies towards south of Tropic of cancer, drenched by 75-80% average south west monsoon gives average rainfall of 1292mm in Chhattisgarh and 1489mm in Odisha with a tropical weather. The average temperature trend in the margin and shift was cyclic but is of increasing trend overall by 0.1-0.2 0 C annually during the acceleration Fig 5 (b).
Rate of change of temperature was @ 0.35 0 C /100 years (IMD report) where as in Mahanadi basin it was @1.1 0 C /100 years which are 2 times the average temperature of India. No prominent changes observed in precipitation in 290 the basin Rao, P. G. 2009 [29] . Temperature, CO 2 level and rainfall play pivotal role in climatic change. But IPCC, AR5 [30] projects a probable rise in temperature of the upper Mahanadi basin up to 2 0 C by 2050 Fig 5 (b). There shall be decline in rainfall; increase in maximum summer temperature. Failure of monsoon shall cause more drought and untimely high floods. The change of climate from mid Holocene to present is in the Table 1.
During the pre-Anthropocene epoch there was wet spell in the basin, during shift it was dry period. But during the acceleration there was increase in precipitation, severe cyclonic storms and frequent floods in the basin. The highest recorded annual rainfall in the basin in 1994, was 1780mm. The basin had six spells of heavy rainfall and 6 floods at the delta head in 1994 (Fig 5 (b).The lowest annual rainfall was 900mm during the dry spell in the basin was in 1979.   Table 2. The Hirakud and other major dams in the basin, according to recent study, the frequency of floods have been increased (from 11.8 years in 1956 to 3.75 years in 1988) and drought frequency in the region has increased. Due to increasing sedimentation the storage capacity of the Hirakud reservoir has been reduced from 8,105 cubic km to 6,427 cubic km in recent years. From the above analysis it can be inferred that after anthropogenic interventions the low, high and very high floods in the basin were reduced whereas the medium floods had increased due to effective operation of the hydrologic interventions such as dams, barrages etc. Table2 It is observed that the highest flood year runs with drought in the basin. Ashokan et al 2008 [31] have studied the flood and drought in the Mahanadi basin and reported that there shall be increase in flood during the month of September and there shall be draught like situation from June and July. Late Victorian Holocausts, an imprint of famine and apocalyptic deaths (Nawank druvikhya) in the Mahanadi basin during late nineteenth century (http://icrier. org/pdf/working_paper_276.pdf). During the new epoch, the basin has never encountered a year under famine. It is observed that very high flood years are the years of drought.

Carbon sinks and Carbon Sequestration:-
One of the top 10 killers is the air pollution which is the fifth leading cause of death in India. About 620,000 premature deaths in slums and villages caused by stroke, lower respiratory infections, ischemic heart disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, trachea, bronchus infection and lung cancer, among the poor's as per Center for Science and Environment in India. The carbon sinks, forests, ocean, soil and atmosphere absorb and store carbon indefinitely and the opposite process is the carbon sequestration. Carbon foot print is the entire quantity of CO 2 or its equivalents released from various anthropogenic carbon activities. Carbon emission and sequestration causes carbon imbalances in nature causing climatic changes. Major sources of release of carbon and GHG gases (CO2, CO, CH4,oxides of N2 , hydro carbons and CFC's) are burning of bio fuels, coal, fossil fuels, industries and burning of agriculture residues and fermentation of organic products Ramachandra et al, (2012) [32] .

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Last 800000 years, the levels of CO 2 had fluctuated between 170 to 280ppm which may the difference between Glacial and interglacial gap, Goenka et al (2014) [33] . The present change in levels of CO 2 is 400 ppm over Antarctica during May 2016.The cause of glaciation or de-glaciation is related to either the changes in the level of CO 2 or the temperature changes. The causes of changes in CO 2 level are due to modernization and advancement of science and technology. Prevalence of the Anthropocene epoch can be ascertained in the Mahanadi basin. The carbon present in the atmosphere from different sources and total carbon as a whole shows exponential correlation (R 2 value > 0.9) is given in Table ( Table 3.   Graphite  188673000  1  2082  4  7783  Coal  27791MMT  2  123627  2  138.461  Chhattisgarh  Bauxite  96000000  13  1561  10  1991  Iron ore  10052MMT  14  29388  15  24592  Lime stone 3580MMT  63  23588  65  27553  Tin  83726166  6  24685  6  13541  Coal  35375MMT  11  134764  11  130605 The frustum of earth in the basin is continuously pruned after independence in the name of prosperity and industrial advancement. The major metals are taken out from the frustum of the basin. Instead the wastes, debris, byproducts and new constructions are left behind, making the basin either a concrete jungle or a waste dump. The water in the channels is contaminated with heavy metals and contaminants continuously.  The anthropogenic new minerals and metals waste formed can cause deadly health hazards, affect agricultural yields, ecology and limnology as given in table below http://chtenvis.nic.in/e-waste.html.Humans, in the name of since technology and advancement have mediated 4% of the total minerals and metals in the last 19 th century. As per National Green Tribunal (2017), India fly ash shall be threat to environment in the basin. The threats are given in Table 5. Liquid waste:-Liquid Wastes are obtained from domestic washings, chemicals from industries, oils spills, waste water ponds, sludge from industries and other sources. Such wastes may be bio or non-bio degradable, toxic and nontoxic. Disposal of Liquid Waste is done by attenuation, isolation. Jadav et al 2016 [36] reported that the industrial liquid waste in Chhattisgarh have increased beyond tolerable limit such as electrical conductivity and total dissolved solid were remarkably high. The metals that are essential need for biological growth are cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc. Some industrial patches have very high values of F−, Na+, K+, As, Cd, Fe, se, Ni and Fe which are alarming. Anthropogenic advancement of human in Anthropocene is impossible without iron, steel, plastic and so also energy from coal to fossil fuel which pollutes air. As per US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health 2014,the metals with no proved impact on the biological functions on living are aluminum, antinomy, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, lead, lithium, mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, strontium, tellurium, thallium, tin, titanium, vanadium and uranium etc. Heavy metals from the mines, liquid wastes, industries and agriculture shall affect biologic and physiologic functions are in the plants and animals in short and long term are given in the Table 6. The heavy metals Ni is carcinogenic, ,Zn is an essential nutrient but excess cause Zinc toxicity. Cobalt is needed humans as it is a constituent of vitamin B12 , that is medicine for anemia, but excess of Co is harmful to human health. Food security:-Last twenty years mal-nourishment has reduced from 40 to 26% still hunger has taken 200 million lives in the mother earth (World food programme, WFP). The risk for hunger comes out of extreme meteorological events and prolonged climate risks. The scopes of food security and nutrition depend on availability, access, utilization and 296 stability of food. The Mahanadi basin is under food instability due to climatic changes and under the impact of the Anthropocene epoch. Weather design is fabricated by climate alterations which threatens food security.

Dying of the basin due to drying:-
Amidst the interstate dispute of sharing of water of the river Mahanadi, the basin stake holders have forgotten about its quality. Installation of large number of industries and provision for supply of the water from the drainage channels, stagnating the water for many months in large and small lacustrine bodies, not only contaminate its water but also inviting the river is aging and shall dry up slowly. Incision of river and carriage of sediment at a higher concentration claims about juvenility. Average concentration of total suspended solid at Naraj Barrage in 1980's have been reduced from 0.8mg/lit to 0.2mg/l during monsoon that the basin is drying and dying slowly though climate plays an important role. Odisha has kept provision for 1.435 Bcum/year or 3.92 Mcum/day for water supply to townships and industries in the year 2015-16. Allocation of 3.92 MCum of water to township and industries during summer from the river is a herculean task.
Ocean Acidification:-Bay of Bengal is more vulnerable and path finder to oceanic acidification. During Oct to Feb the westerly wind carry all the debris (rich in sulphate, Nitrate and NH 3 ) blown from land get deposited in the off shore near Coast. These aerosols deplete the pH value and change the oxidation state of many metals. The near shore water becomes low pH and become acidic. Coral bleaching occurs which slowdown the growing coral species and reducing fish spawning and feeding areas affecting aqua fauna diversity. Many a planktons and fishes were deprived of food (as primary food chain is distorted) during winter. CSIR (NIO) has reported the depletion rate (@ 0.006 units/year) is much higher than global rate of change, Suguna Meheta, Times of India, 9 th May, (2016) .
Nuclear explosion and testing accompanied by exponential increase in population from 1945 onwards have invited global warming, carbon level changes and MSLR. The plant kingdom within oceans started up taking CO 2 at higher rate resulted in ocean warming by 0.85 0 C (1882-2012) and sea level rise by 0.19m within 1901-2010 MoS &PI, GOI 2015.

Heat Waves and Cold Waves:-
The summer starts in the basin from the 4 th week of March to end of May. Interestingly numbers of heat wave epochs in the basin is high. Study from IMD only 12 heat waves passed during (1968 to1980) whereas 67 numbers between 1980 to2009 have passed over the basin (http://mospi.nic.in) http:/ /mospi. nic.in/. Hot days and effect of heat waves prevail in April-May. 1998 was the hottest year in the century, the mercury reaching 50 0 C followed by 2008. The frequency of hot days, hot nights and heat waves has abnormally increased during period of great acceleration of the epoch. For the last 15years annual average mortalities due to hyperthermia in Orissa are 233. The numbers of heat waves that passed over the area was 31 from 1983 to 2016.

Lightning:-
The lightning deaths in the basin generally occur from March to October @ 250/annum. Direct striking of lightning deaths are 3 to 5% only, but people die of distant lightning. Causes reported are cardiac and respiratory arrest, vascular spasm, neurologic damages and muscular contractions. The average death rate due to lightning is more than any mortalities against any hazard in Odisha today. Lightning death rate is higher in coastal districts than in other interior Basin. The fatality rate in the State prior to 2000 was even less than 10/annum, but it has increased at present. (OSDMA Report, GOO 2012) [21] in Orissa Fig 8( a). Lightening deaths 2277 in last seven years (SRC Odisha) and by first week of Aug-2017 no of deaths are recorded due to increased upper air cyclic circulations. http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/2-297-killed-by-lightning-in-odisha-in-7-years16090900409_1 297  Carolyn Gramling, 2017 [39] , pointed out that during the great oxidation, the bacteria's formed are either iron oxidizing bacteria or cyanobacteria. The oxygen formed by those cyanobacteria affect Hematite ores to make sponge like perforation in the stone which can be easily exhibited in the laterite cover in the Mahanadi basin. It is also observed that there is no growth of planktons and aquatic life in the laterite mines in the basin.
The very severe cyclonic storm Phailin (5 th -14 th Oct 2013) smashed the biodiversity, water quality, phytoplankton species and ecology of the lagoon. The strong return waves 15 th Oct 2013 reformed the salinity, ammonia and silicate structure at different rate in different sectors (16 th Nov, 2014, Times of India).There were changes in the food chain resulting in formation of fresh water toxic cyanobacteria's in the northern sector. Presently the blue green algae species have propagated to the outer channel in patches. The toxic and anaerobic cyanobacteria form a protective layer and has become detrimental the enriched fish kingdom of the largest lagoon of Asia and 2 nd largest of the world, the Chilika lagoon.

Economics and Population growth:-
The GDP of the UMB state grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.83 % to 36

Lacking hydrogeological management:
The wetlands in the Mahanadi basin are administered by the hydrological regime of the delta. The water management of the dams, barrages and other interventions undertaken are sectorial in nature. It is focused mainly on structural approaches without considering the subsidence, paucity of sediment, hydrological regime, ecological, short term socioeconomic set up of the delta. Suitable infra-structural long term action plans, experienced reservoir operation methodology, appropriate water shed management and the scientific interstate sharing of the water Mahanadi can ameliorate the Anthropocene hydrologic mismanagement.

Lacking mineralogical management:
Odisha has more than 35% of iron ore resources of 5231 million tons. Government of Odisha has signed MOU with 45 numbers new industries of worth 19.455 trillion of INR which fore tails the Industrial wastes shall form new minerals in Odisha in near future. The industrial wastes excreted from the industries in the basin goes wasted and no planned way to handle the waste as a result the districts Raipur, Durg, Jharsuguda, Talcher and Angul shall be under the industrial waste and fly ash Lacking Solid waste management: Domestic, industrial, e-wastes, bio-medical, atomic plant, construction and agriculture solid waste originated must be disposed safely without polluting the environment and the ecosystem. In reality the solid waste management is very poor in the major urban and cities in the Mahanadi basin. Plastic is most polluting and not biodegradable material. Poor water quality and proliferation of aquatic plants in the rivers, Lagoons and water bodies have deteriorated to an extent that neither the water in the distributaries portable not adequate for irrigation. So act as a servant to have Recycle, Reduce, Reuse, Rot and Refuse the wastes. High cost of recycling, exchange of output, involving a closed system (matter and energy), Technology intervention, public aware ness, regulatory frame work and waste reduction activities have poor performance within the basin. The techniques that can be adopted are Separation Waste (Category wise), collection at door to door, weekly collection of garden wastes and annual /seasonal collection of grits, inert, drain silt etc. to have zero solid waste.

Lack in Industrial solid waste management:
The solid waste from steel industry is blast furnace slags. They can be used for the manufacture of road base, rail/road ballast, cement, light weight concrete (LWC) block, glass, high performance concrete admixtures, back filling materials and artificial rock. At Lanjigarh, in Kalahandi district Odisha, Vedanta has reduced 10-13 kg of Caustic/ ton of alumina to minimize red mud sludge waste land by 40-50%. The ash ponds in Middle Mahanadi basin are breaching or over topping commonly the agricultural lands are under threat.

Lacking liquid waste management:
Since there is no incinerator in the Mahanadi basin, and most of the industrial/biomedical wastes are disposed to rivers, the river water gets contaminated with bacteria's and microbes affecting health of people. The liquid waste from domestic, construction , drilling slurry, industries spills and hospitals liquid wastes are neither attenuated or isolated but directly added to storm drains which contaminate the nearby water bodies and drainage channels and finally to the Mahanadi river. Establishment of incinerators is under process for disposal of biomedical waste and the ash from the incinerators to be treated as hazardous waste.

Lacking Anthropogenic gas management:
The greenhouse gas(GHG) must be called as Anthropogenic gasses and its management is to be done by clean technology in power production, transportation, waste gasses, promoting energy efficiency in building, town planning, economy and enhance climate resilience. Presently the nodal agencies working is the Swachh Bharat Mission, INDCs (Intended nationality determined contribution) under UNFCCC (United Nations convention on climate change) have planned to produce 35GW (2015) to 175 GW by 2022 as renewable energy, SPVM from 20GW (2015) to 1000GW by 2022. Green energy corridor, energy conservation and smart city concept

Lacking Ecological management:
Shrinkage of delta is mainly related to mean sea level rise and Hydrologic interventions. Blocking natural flow by large dams, barrages and hydraulic structures plays important role in sediment capture Dandekar (2014) [40] . Sediment starved flows erode the beds and levees and deteriorate the sediment regime of the delta. Breaches are common and cause severe flood in the deltas today. Flood inundation, water logging, change in land use and land cover are aggravating the sinking, shrinking and subsidence of deltas Syvitski J. M. et al, 2012 [41] . It has been 300 verified that 50% reduction in chemical fertilizer and adding compost to the fields, stable irrigation but less water shall enhance yield by 15 to 25% without deteriorating the atmosphere and soil.

Lacking Plastic waste management:
Disposal, recycling and recovery of plastic waste is to be done as per IS 14534:1998 and PWM Rules and various amendments, 2011, (GOI). The collection should be safe, segregation, storage, transportation and recycling to be done without deteriorating the environment. Public awareness can reduce the use of plastics and recycling as per Environment (Protection) Ad, 1986 management of municipal plastic wastes should be disposed as per Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000. Reduce, Recycle, Reuse, Recover, and Residue Management, the 5 R's to be adhered to manage waste to promote ecology, biology and land progression of the area. Use and disposal of plastic should be done not by rule but by human awareness and consciousness.

Poor management of the delta and the lagoon:
The Mahanadi Delta and the Chilika lagoon is sinking, shrinking and subsiding. Delta management can be done by moderating the inland flow, study of the impact on the coastal ecology proper action plans needs to be implemented. The salinity (both horizontal and vertical mix) is to be maintained by maintaining tidal inlet stability knowing the tectonics, sediment loading and compaction of the Chilika lagoon. The eustatic changes, nutrient dynamics, food budget of the avifauna and aqua fauna of the Chilika lagoon. For Study adequate standardized data to be collected, structural and nonstructural measures to be taken after model and prototype studies to ensure healthy ecosystem of the delta and the lagoon. Structural measures are to be taken to protect the coast line and the spit of the lagoon. For a totality there should have better coordination and well communication between the scientists, Engineers, policy makers and the stakeholders.

Conclusion:-
The Mahanadi basin was formed during Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous (1302-107 Ma) had under gone a number of paleo changes and the Chilika Lake transformed from a gulf to a lagoon (3000 years BP). The young juvenile river has become geriatric during the period of Anthropocene due to Human forcing. But 1945 onwards burgeoning demography and anthropogenic activities within the basin have reduced quantum of flow and sediment. The lagoon is also under threat in the acceleration period of the Anthropocene epoch i.e. from 1980. The exponential increase carbon dioxide level, the heat of the sun, Excess mining, the over exploitation of the hydrology and hydrogeology, the ill effects of solid, liquid and industrial waste shall deteriorate the health of the basin further. If the status of the Chilika lagoon is not maintained, it will be converted to dry barren land, ship cemetery like the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan and fresh water swamp Koleru in Andhra Pradesh.