HOUSEHOLD PROFILES OF BEEF CATTLE

The study was conducted in Napis Village, Tambakrejo District, Bojonegoro Regency with the aim of expressing an empirical profile of the indicators of the empowerment of smallholder beef cattle farmers using sustainable livelihoods framework tools. Data collection method used in this study is by interviewing respondents directly. The type of data used in this study are primary and secondary data and analyzed with descriptive analysis. The analysis shows that the majority of farmer households (45%) maintain 2 to 3 Animal Units (ST). the majority of breeders' education level only graduated elementary school / equivalent of 41.5% and the average experience of raising beef cattle for 8 years. The 'maro' working relationship (33%) is adopted by farmers, besides raising a cow of their own (27.5%). Most (32.5%) of farmers' households control an area of between 600-1000 m2. From the research it can be concluded that the sustainable livelihoods of the household of beef cattle farmers is not enough to be stated only by indicators of livelihoods-status consisting of 5 types of capital, namely: (1) Human Capital,


ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 7(12), 976-983 977 2013 to 2015, the number of domestic beef production supply shortages amounted to 45.64 thousand tons, 95.85 thousand tons and 130.05 thousand tons, respectively. Based on the data of the beef supply deficit that is produced domestically, it seems that the number of deficiencies in question tends to increase. Estimates as intended, are confirmed by data on the amount of beef consumption per capita per year of the increasing Indonesian population (Agus and Widi, 2018). In the range from 2010 to 2015, the number of beef consumption is 1 (Dahiri, 2016).
The development program in the field of beef cattle breeding business through increasing development activities with various approaches aimed at increasing national beef production has been widely implemented. However, it seems that the achievement of beef cattle development activities in the country in the form of increasing the amount of domestic beef production has not been able to catch up with the rate of increasing the amount of beef needed for the consumption needs of the Indonesian people. The problem of being behind the production of beef produced by the domestic livestock business in question, is confirmed by data showing the activities of importing live beef and live cattle from abroad.  (Dahiri, 2016).
The tendency of an increase in the number of imported beef and live cattle is thought to be caused by a decrease in the number of national beef cattle populations (Rusdiana and Soeharsono, 2017) whose existence is unevenly distributed in the business activities of smallholder beef cattle business carried out by around 5,074,033 households; and from the total national population of the beef cattle breeders, around 2,029,613 units or around 40% of the national population of the farmers, the farmers are approximately 3,545,500 or about 28.8% of the national beef cattle population in the rural areas of Java Province East (Central Statistics Agency, 2015). The results of the 2013 Agricultural Census or ST2013 give an indication that the majority of rural beef cattle farmers households in rural areas do not have good enough access to productive resources for the continuation of beef cattle farming activities adequately. Access to productive resources in question includes low access to: (1) people's beef cattle business capital, (2) community beef cattle business institutions, (3) extension activities, and (4) marketing of people's beef cattle products (BPS, 2015). Therefore, beef cattle farmer households require empowerment activities facilitated by the government with the aim of increasing household empowerment. Increased empowerment of beef cattle farmer households is believed to increase the ability of the farmer households concerned to be able to better access productive resources to support beef cattle farming; in turn, the objectives of beef cattle business will increase, in line with the increase in household welfare on an ongoing basis.
Trade agreements between Indonesia and other countries in the regional and international region in the last two decades, have consequences on the nuances of government policies related to the development of beef cattle breeding. One of the desired requirements to occur as a result of the implementation of the said policy is to encourage wider community participation than top-down policy, as well as the free competition mechanism among beef cattle business actors in the country (Mayulu, Sunarso, Sutrisno and Sumarsono, 2010). In the situation of free competition, there are growing concerns about the various forms of vulnerability in more than 5 million households of Indonesian beef cattle breeders; more than that, the people's beef cattle farmer households still have to deal with the adverse effects of climate change on the beef cattle farming business system that is done. The adverse effects of climate change and the increasingly vulnerable condition of household livelihoods due to the pressure of free competition, sooner or later will affect the dynamics of most of the household's beef cattle breeders responded positively to the national program of beef cattle development in Indonesia; in other words, the decline in resilience and dynamism of beef cattle breeders' households will affect the empowerment of most of the rural beef cattle farmers households.
The concept of empowerment seems to have become a kind of big arena in the perspective of efforts to increase the people's economic capacity through current development programs. In fact, the Directorate General of Animal

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Husbandry and Animal Health of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia has also initiated various national programs for animal husbandry development by carrying out various agribusiness development activities for beef cattle breeding by making the concept of empowerment a spirit that animates all national programs and activities related to the development of beef cattle agribusiness dual aims are: (1) increasing production, and (2) empowering the community (Diwyanto, Inounu, Setioko, Subandriyo, Kompiang, Parede, Priyanti, Martindah, Saptati, and Nurhayati, 2007).
Furthermore, Boettcher, Mottet, Acosta, and Baumung (FAO, 2018) recommend that national livestock development policies in each country with the aim to: (1) increase livestock production in a sustainable manner and (2) increase efforts to empower people, should be further developed its contribution to sustainable development goals is in line with the substance of The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) Livestock Sector, which includes that animal husbandry development must link to activities: (1) poverty eradication, (2) eradication of hunger, (3) improving health and humanitarian status, (4) improving the quality of education, (5) increasing gender equality, (6) providing clean water and environmental sanitation, (7) reducing the adverse effects of climate change, (8) increasing employment and income opportunities, (9 ) increasing the use of innovation and infrastructure, (10) reducing injustice, (11) conserving resources biological resources, and (12) development of collaborative networks.
Based on the phenomenon of the growing diversity of development approaches and their relationship with development goals, it can be stated that empowerment is a concept of a process of social change which is an important mode for the implementation of development programs and activities. However, indicators and measures other than production and productivity as techniques for expressing the empowerment of households and communities as a result of the process of social change are still relatively underdeveloped; and related to the need for indicators and measures of empowerment, research on household beef cattle farmers in the perspective of the process of social change is carried out. Related to these needs, the formulation of the problem is how the empowerment profile of the beef cattle farmers is expressed using the sustainable livelihood framework tool.

Research location and farmer survey sample:
The research was conducted in Napis Village, Tambakrejo District, Bojonegoro Regency covering 11 hamlets, such as: (1)  Considering the affordability of the location and the distance between beef cattle farmer's houses to be visited is related to the needs of the survey of household samples of beef cattle breeders and structured interviews guided by questionnaires, then it was determined to use a rolling method (snowball-sampling). Of a population measuring 1397 units of smallholder beef cattle farmer households in eleven hamlets in Napis Village, 200 sample units were recorded for the purposes of household beef cattle breeder household surveys.

Data collection technique
Data collection method used in this study is by interviewing the respondent directly, another method that is used is a questionnaire with a list of prepared questions given to respondents to obtain answers. Interviews and questionnaires focused on socio-economic conditions of farmers, characteristics of farmers, conditions of the business environment, support of related parties, business characteristics, pentagonal asset data, household resilience and dynamism. Data collection methods in this study are interviews, observation, and documentation.

Data source
The type of data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through direct interviews with farmers based on a questionnaire set by the researchers, namely the characteristics of farmers, business characteristics, business environment, livelihood status of the household, and household security and dynamism. Data collected in this way included data from the Animal Husbandry Office of Bojonegoro Regency, BPS of the District of Bojonegoro and the Central BPS.

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Results And Discussion:-Characteristics of Small Beef Cattle Farmers:-Napis Village, Tambakrejo Subdistrict, Bojonegoro Regency had a population of 7588 people in 2018, consisting of around 2023 households, and there were 1397 households as keepers of Ongole Peranakan cattle (PO). There are 200 respondents of beef cattle breeders. The researcher conducted an in-depth interview with the head of the RT family of farmers in Napis village. The description of respondents that will be presented includes the characteristics of smallholder beef cattle breeders (family heads), a description of the composition of the cattle population, and the number and mastery of cattle. The data supports researchers to explain the current conditions that will support the conditions of empowerment of farmers and the factors that influence them. An overview of the characteristics of smallholder beef cattle farmers is presented in table 5.1.  Table 1:-explains that most (34%) are in the age range of 41-50 years, followed later by farmers between the ages of 31-40 years (28.5%). About 56% of farmers over 40 years old. This condition shows that most of the breeders are old-age breeders, while only around 54% of breeders are under 40 years old. Theoretically, the adoption of innovations, the target group is old age rather slowly in accepting innovation, there are even some targets that refuse. It is stated in the data that aged farmers (over 51 years) are 22% higher than young farmers under 30 years by 15.5%. It seems that the phenomenon has developed until now that some young people have not been interested in work as breeders of beef cattle, a rival phenomenon that occurs in agriculture widely.
The formal education of beef cattle breeders is classified into 5 categories namely not graduating from elementary school, completing elementary school, completing junior high school, graduating high school, and graduating academy or university. The data shows that the education level of farmers in Napis village, the largest category is only graduating elementary school / equivalent amounting to 41.5% and subsequently graduating from junior high 980 school / junior high or equivalent of 34.5%. Farmers in Napis Village with the category of Junior High School / Junior High School and below 92.5% (7.5%) are breeders with senior high school education and above. Table 1 provides information that the experience of farmers in raising beef cattle has been very long. The average length of raising is 8 years. In fact, around 79% of farmers have experience of raising beef cattle over 7 years. This experience or length of breeding is a strength for farmers in developing their business, but sometimes it is an obstacle in the process of adopting innovation. Farmers who have a lot of experience or who have long been trying for beef cattle sometimes feel that they have enough knowledge and skills so they are not responsive to new technologies. About 21% of breeders are "new players" who have tried between 4-6 years. They are the ones who must quickly pursue their skills in the business of raising beef cattle to be able to improve their business and improve their families' welfare through raising beef cattle.

Distribution of Cattle Population in Napis Village, Tambakrejo District, Bojonegoro:-
Breeders in Napis Village generally occupy an area of around 5132 ha. Land that is used for agriculture (including animal husbandry) has relatively no irrigated rice fields, around 381 ha of rain-fed rice fields and around 419 ha of tegal or fields. In fact, around 3380 ha of land is PT PERHUTANI BKPH Napis's land. PT PERHUTANI's land includes Daplangu, Bagi, Kalidandang, Tawaran, and Jubleg hamlets. Some conditions of vegetation in forest areas are not so good in the dry season, but erosion will occur during the rainy season. The average number of rainy days is 124 days per year with an average rainfall of 1239 mm per year. The highest rainfall occurs in January and the lowest in July. The supporting environment in the form of road facilities is still in moderate condition. Market facilities are in the center of Tambakrejo sub-district which is connected with Napis village with poor road conditions. With all these limitations, it is still appreciated that the population is very interested in beef cattle business. It is seen that about 69.05% of 2023 households in Napis Village are trying beef cattle. An overview of the composition of the cattle population in Napis Village is presented in Table 5.2.  139  55  19  26  21  43  154  318  2  Dolog  99  34  28  4  17  37  88  208  3  Doplang  146  54  35  16  41  56  137  339  4  Kalidandang  166  65  32  13  77  66  186  439  5  Napis  123  38  29  9  34  36  93  239  6  Windu  99  23  41  4  13  35  97  213  7  Pencol  76  11  13  9  19  22  71  145  8  Tawaran  176  77  59  11  50  68  178  443  9  Daplangu  142  75  23  7  29  18  196  348  10  Koripan  151  38  82  19  18  47  116  320  11  Jubleg  80  23  6  1  23  8

Characteristics of People's Beef Cattle Business:-
Characteristics of smallholder beef cattle breeder business consist of components of the number of cattle, the status of mastery of cattle, land use and business income from cattle. The diversity of the score components of the characteristics of smallholder beef cattle business is presented in Table 3.  The livelihoods approach has first and foremost concern on Human Capital or people (people center) as important subjects. Human capital shows a person's ability to gain better access to their living conditions. As the most important asset in livelihood that enables one to carry out a livelihood strategy and achieve their livelihood goals, human capital is also needed to cultivate four other livelihood assets (DFID, 1999).
Natural Capital is a form of asset that comes from natural resources and the properties possessed by natural resources to be used by breeders' households to achieve the goals of rumatangga. Indicators of the Natural Capital condition of a farmer household can be developed based on ownership and characteristics of the mastery of natural resources in the farmer household, for example land resources, vegetation that can be utilized, livestock, water resources, relative soil fertility. The measurements are expressed in terms of weighted scores between 1 and 5.

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Social Capital is an asset of the farmer household in the form of potentials arising from the process of social interaction between the farmer household and the wider community; This potential can be used by farmers households to achieve their goals. Social Capital can be developed by farmers households through networking and working relationships, both of which occur vertically in the form of patron-client relationships, as well as horizontal relationships based on mutual understanding to achieve similar interests. Apart from that, the participation of the farmer household in the farmer group can lead to positive formal collective attitudes that can be used as assets to achieve household goals. The measurements are expressed in terms of weighted scores between 1 and 5.
Physical Capital consists of physical infrastructure as well as the nature of ownership and certain control status and can be used by farmers households in productive activities to achieve the objectives of the farmer's household, for example housing, road infrastructure, irrigation facilities, communication facilities, and vehicles . Physical Capital can also be in the form of tools that support the going on of a production process, for example cattle sheds, animal feed storage buildings and so on. The measurements are expressed in terms of weighted scores between 1 and 5. Based on observations from 200 farmer households, the scores of the five assets or capital are presented in Table 4. Based on Table 4, the best living assets in the research location are Human Capital or the lowest human capital and social capital, with a score of 3,835 and 2, 895. The good condition of human capital in Napis Village is supported by the formal education conditions of the farmer, the number of household members, the level of knowledge and skills in the field of animal husbandry, the condition of public health which is sufficient. The conditions of social interaction between farmer households and the wider community, horizontal networking and working relationships with fellow farmers and vertical relationships with stakeholders in the form of patron-client relationships have not been well established. The existence of farmer groups has not been able to generate positive formal collective attitudes that can be used as assets to achieve household empowerment goals. Previous research has measured the level of household empowerment of beef cattle farmers using the concept of Pentagonal Aseet of Life. The current study of the level of empowerment is not only measured through the Pentagonal of Life Assets but also needs to be added to the external factors of the household that cannot be abandoned, namely the aspect of household resilience and dynamism. The score of the level of empowerment of farmers is the average score between Liveliood status, Household Resilience and Household Dynamic. Scores show categories between 1-5, showing categories from very low to very high. The various levels of household empowerment are presented in Table 5.  Table 5, shows that among the 3 components of farmer empowerment, the household dynamics aspect has the highest average score of 3,675 following the livelihood status aspect of 3,374 and the last aspect of farmer household resilience is 3,180. The distribution of scores and categories among the three aspects of household empowerment has a similar pattern. The distribution of the scores of the three components is in the medium and high categories. The Livelihood status component, around 84% is in the medium and high categories. The household resilience component of around 70.5% is in the medium and high category. The dynamics component of the household shows a somewhat different distribution, around 61.5% are between moderate and high, even around 87% are in the moderate to high or only 13 which has a low category. This shows that the dynamism conditions of household farmers in Napis Village, Tambakrejo District, Bojonegoro Regency are in a condition of good empowerment.