COMPARISON OF DYNAMIC BALANCE IN MALE FOOTBALL AND BASKETBALL PLAYERS USING MODIFIED BASS TEST.

Paryushi V. Rami 1 and M. M. Prabhakar 2 . 1. Senior Lecturer, JG College Of Physiotherapy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. 2. Medical Superintendent, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 14 December 2018 Final Accepted: 16 January 2019 Published: February 2019

Balance is system of maintaining the body center of gravity over its base of support with minimal sway (Horak, 1987;Shumway-Cook&Woollacott, 1995). Balance involve synchronization of many muscles of the body and incorporation of sensory information (Çelenk et al.,2018). Balance require integration of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory system to accomplish smooth and coordinated neuromuscular action. (Jacobson et al., 1997;Nashner, 1982). Balance is classified into static and dynamic, which is important to excelling in sports.For maintaining static and dynamic balance, it required exceptionally compound of neuromuscular mechanism (Gerbino et al., 2007;Michael &Rogers, 2003).Dynamic balance refers to body's ability to retain poise or steadiness when moving or shifting from one situation to another (Khasawneh, 2015). Dynamic balance has an important role in most daily activity and crucial element for execution of sports skill like sudden changes in motion and improving sports performance.For Athletic motor skill development essential component is dynamic balance (Elena et al., 2015). Dynamic Balance is fundamental component of many sports like Football and Basketball. Each sport has different balance requirements and demands on the players according to their physical task and environmental conditions (Hrysomallis, 2011).Dynamic Balance is profound in sports player as they are frequently exposed to the situations where balance is dynamically challenged (Hrysomallis et al., 2006).For example, Football player frequently perform passing, dribbling and shooting skills with lower extremity while wearing studded or simple football boots on  (Bresselet al., 2007;Orchard, 2002). Basketball players habitually involve where balance instability occur such as changes in directions, penetration in to defensive perimeter and dribbling while they wear shoes on flat and rough surface (Melamet al., 2016;Boccoliniet al., 2013). Balance dysfunction has been identified as injury risk in sport. Poor Dynamic balance has been associated with decreased neuromuscular control which leads to increase postural sway (Elena et al., Paul et al., 2015;Paternoet al., 2004). Brown CN et al. reported that chronic ankle stability is interconnected with static and dynamic deficit. (Brown et al., 2007). "High Risk" team sports like basketball, handball, football and volleyball arise with ankle sprain which comprises between 15-75% of all sportrelated injuries (Fernandez et al., 2007). The most common injuries involve the lower extremities especially ankle sprain which often result during sports specific activities like jumping, landing sprinting and quick and unexpected changes in direction where dynamic stability altered (Fong et al., 2007).In basketball and football players, it was found that lower extremity injury risk is significantly related with poor dynamic balance ability (Robert et al., 2013;Plisky et al., 2006). Instability during the dynamic task in sports not only disrupts expected performance of every branch of sports but also cause injuries (Gürkan, 2016). Dynamic balance is crucial for motor skill based tasks in sports as well as for injury prevention.There are various number of reliable methods to test dynamic balance. Modified Bass Test is one of that test which measure jump ability and maintain balance during movement and after movement (Barry et al., 1988). Evaluation of Dynamic balance is necessary in players to define and change training programs, rate of progression in balance score and also help to analyse the effectiveness of neuromuscular efficiency. Thus, the purpose of the study is to compare dynamic balance in male football and basketball players using Modified Bass Test. So, the study hypothesized that dynamic balance will be different between male football and basketball player by using Modified Bass Test.

Materials and Methods:-
This study was cross-sectional study design. Fifty male players (25 Football players and 25 Basketball players) participated from different sports Academy of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The included subjects were male players with age 13-16 years. Subjects included were currently competing in only one sport for previous one year and not be involved in a balance training program outside of their typical sport training. Subjects were excluded with the current history of hip, knee and ankle surgery, visual problem, vestibular problem, history of concussion 12 weeks before study, history of lower extremity injury in last 6 months. The study was approved by Institutional ethical committee. All subjects signed written informed consent before testing.

Procedure:-
The Modified Bass Test of Dynamic Balance was used to measure dynamic Balance. This test has a reliability of .75 (Barry et al., 1988). Eleven 2.5cm×2cm pieces of marking tape were cut and tape in the pattern shown in figure 1. Beginning at a line marked "start" with right footed with one-leg stance. Subject leaped to the first tape mark (#1) with left foot and tried to hold a steady position on the ball of his left foot for as many seconds as possible up to a maximum of 5 seconds. Subject then leaped to the second tape mark (#2) with the right foot and so on, alternating the feet from tape mark to tape mark. The subject remained on each tape mark for as many seconds as possible up to a maximum of 5 seconds. The foot of subject completely covered the tape so that the tape was not seen. The subject scored 5 points for each successful landing on tape mark. In addition, 1 point was awarded for each second the balance was held up to 5 seconds per mark. Thus, the subject was able to earn a maximum of 10 points per marker or a total of 100 points for the entire test, with a higher score indicating better balance.
The penalties for this test were classified in to landing errors and balance errors as follows:-Landing Errors:-The subject lost 5 points for improper landing if any of the following errors were committed: failing to stop upon landing from the leap, touching the heel or any other part of the body to the floor other than the ball of the supporting foot upon landing, or failing to completely cover the tape mark with the ball of the foot. Subject was allowed to reposition the body for the 5 second balance on the ball of the foot after making a landing error. In statistical evaluation of data SPSS (Statistical Package for the social sciences) version 20 was used and result were shown as mean and standard deviation. Normality distribution of data was determined by using Shapiro-Wilk Test. Independent t-test is used to find out the significant difference between groups. The level of significance was set as p<0.05.

Results:-
The Demographic characteristics are shown in Table 76±2.95). The result may be due to football players frequently perform single-leg reaching movements outside their base of support during passing, shooting and receiving.Likewise, Modified Bass Test also require player to maintain balance on a single foot on a specific mark for predetermined amount of time and then reaching to next tape mark which challenges an individual's dynamic balance ability (Ambegaonkar et al., 2013). Modal et al. compared dynamic balance between volleyball and basketball players. They found that dynamic balance by Modified Bass test for volleyball player was higher than Basketball players which due to more involvement in more labour intensive activity of volleyball players than Basketball players (Mondal et al., 2016). Although Ghosh et al. compared dynamic balance among football, volleyball and hockey players and the result of study showed there was no significant difference in three different games. They suggested that may be all three games played nearly with high intensity required quicker change of position and direction. So, all three games are purely similar in nature from the stand point of speed and movement pattern(Ghosh&Majumde, 2012).
According to Bressel et al. balance difference observed among sports might be because of distinctive sensorimotor challenges enforced by each sport. They explained this reason as they found in their study that of basketball players displayed inferior dynamic balance compared with soccer player (Bressel et al., 2007). This could be also rationale for current study for difference found between male football and Basketball players.
As per literature athletes have exhibited with superior balance ability compared to non athletes that suggesting balance enhanced by sports participation (Bressel et al., 2007;Matsuda et al.,2008). Ashutoshpandey et al. compared dynamic balance using SEBT between athletes and non-athletes. Result of their study showed better dynamic balance on dominant leg in athletes than non-athletes and the reason for obtaining superior balance in trained athletes they described mainly it depends on the nature of repetitive training experience which eventually influence the motor responses and individuals ability to attend proprioceptive and visual cues (Pandey &Venugopal, 2016  According to results of this study basketball player showed inferior dynamic balance when compared to football, indicating the need for further balance training to basketball players. Balance training is effective for reduction of sports injuries and also for postural and neuromuscular improvements. Enhancement of balance can influence stability that eventually improve functional and sports performance. Balance assessment can be helpful to rate of improvement in balance score over time, for prescribe balance exercises to prevent injuries and improve performance.
Few limitation of current study should be recognized. This study is limited as we only assessed male players and future research can be performed on female players and also in different sports with also using the more different techniques of measurement of dynamic balance.

Conclusion:-
Based on finding of this study may be concludedthere is significant difference in dynamic balance between male football and basketball players using Modified Bass Test. The football player displayed higher dynamic balance compared with basketball players.