THE APPLICATION OF TYPE OF MYCORRHIZAL TO P UPTAKE, GROWTH AND YIELD OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGEA L.) IN ULTISOL

Ibnu Yasier 1 , Syakur 2 and Helmi 2 . 1. Master student of Magister Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 23111. 2. Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 23111. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 11 December 2018 Final Accepted: 13 January 2019 Published: February 2019


Stain
The stain was used to give color to the mycorrhizal. It was applied by mixing vinegar acid 5% (750 ml) and one bottle stain (Quink Parker). Then the root was soaked in the solvent for 24 hours.

Observation Plant height
The plant height was measured from the beginning of stem to the growth point at 15 DAP, 30 DAP, and 45 DAP.

Wet and dry weight of the Plant
The soil sample in peanut was cleaned up first, then was scaled using analytic scale. The wet weight was scaled in 45 DAP, then it was continued to be dried the in the oven for 48 hours with the temperature of 60 º C. P uptake P uptake was analyzed when peanut in 45 DAP. The peanuts were washed and dried in the oven for 48 hours with the temperature of 60 º C. After that, the peanuts were grinded before the P uptake analysis was done using H 2 SO 4 +H 2 O 2 . Nutrient uptake formula was the percent of nutrient in plant (%) X plant dry weight.

Percentage of mycorrhizal inoculation
The percentage of root infection by mycorrhizal was done in Plant Diseases Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala when the peanuts were in 45 days after planted and counted using Brundrett et al. (1996) method. The steps were, the plant root when 45 DAP was cut into 2 cm, then was washed using distillate water, soaked in KOH 10% for 24 hours, after that the root was washed until clean and soaked again using HCl 5% for 24 hours, then the root was soaked using solvent of trypan/acid fichin for 24 hours, then the root was soaked again using distillate water. Ten root samples were taken and observed using NIKON microscope with 100-400 magnification, the last data was calculated byusing the formula as follows: The percentage of infection root = The infected root was marked in one of internal mycorrhizal structure like arbuscular, vesicular, internal hyphae and spore. The percentage of root infected by mycorrhizal was determined based on Rajapakse and Miller criteria (1982) which modified as follows: first class was root infected 0%-5% (very low), second class was root infected 6%-25% (low), third class was root infected 26%-50% (medium), fourth class was root infected 51%-75% (high), fifth class was root infected 76%-100% (very high).

Number of pods per plant
Number of pods per plant was countedduring the harvesting time. The pod must be dried in the oven until the weight was constant. The dried pod was scaled using analytic scale.

Results and Discussion:-P uptake
The ANOVA test was showed that the application kinds of mycorrhizal was significant by effected to P uptake. The mean of P uptake showed in the Table 1. and the best kinds of mycorrhizal treatment was found in Gigaspora gigantea, while the lowest P uptake was found in control treatment. The kinds of mycorrhizal like Glomussp and Acaulospora tuberculata were not significant effect to P uptake.

774
It was assumed that the application of Gigaspora gigantea was able to giving the positive effect to P uptake in peanut. Agustina (2004) said that, P nutrient was taking the important role in plant for growth and cultivate the plant. Yusrizal (2017) was told that the application of mycorrhizal Gigaspora increasing the P uptake significantly compared without the mycorrhizal. Hidayatet al. (2018) was added that the mycorrhizal like Gigaspora increasing N, P, and K uptake from compost to chili.
Suhermanet al. (2013) was showed that the presents of mycorrhizal increasing P and K uptake through external hyphae. Mycorrhizal was the important factor in soil P mobilization to root so increasing the growth of host plant (Das et al., 2013). The research from Karnilawati et al. (2013) was told that the application of mycorrhizal was not significant effect to plant P uptake, but the application of organic matter was able to released P and mineralisation process, so it could increase the availability P nutrient eventhough in the low criteria. Simanungkalit (2001) was said that the mycorrhizal potential to present the nutrient for plant especially P nutrient. The statement before correlated with the statement from Husinet al. (2012) that the mycorrhizal producing phosphatase to helping the availability of P nutrient, which is not available for plant so it could increase P uptake by plant. According to Munawar (2011) that plant which symbiosis with mycorrhizal will absorb P nutrient around 10-27% higher than plant without mycorrhizal treatment around 0,3-13%. Then, the increasing of nutrient especially P uptake caused mycorrhizal inoculated was able to increasing the peanut fresh weight in Ultisol.

Plant growth:-
The ANOVA test was showed that the application kinds of mycorrhizal was significant effect to plant height in 45 DAP, plant fresh weight and plant dry weight, but it was not significant effect to plant height in 15 DAP and 30 DAP. The mean of plant height, plant fresh weight and plant dry weight of peanut was showed in Table 2. In Table 2.was showed that the highest plant height in 45 DAP in Glomus sp treatment, and the lowest plant height was found in Gigaspora gigantea and Acaulospora tuberculata treatment. The heaviest plant fresh weight was found in Gigaspora gigantean treatment, and the lowest plant fresh weight was found in control treatment. Then, the heaviest plant dry weight was found in Glomus sp treatment, and the lowest dry plant weight was found in control treatment, Glomus sp, and Acaulospora tuberculata.
Luschen et al. (1997) said that every plant with high plant and plant biomass was happened nutrient competition so effected to vegetative parameters and produce less of branch, pod, and seed per plant. Wahyu (2013) said that the mycorrhizal was able to absorb nutrient so the growth and vegetative phase become increased. Besides that, there is the increasing of peanut dry weight caused the application of mycorrhizal compared with control. It was suspected the ability of mycorrhizal in absorb the nutrients from the soil. The result was correlated with the statement from Govindarajulu et al. (2005) that the mycorrhizal hyphae was able to absorb N inorganic from soil to plant. The increasing of peanut dry weight was correlated with N nutrient in plant. Sufardi (2012) also said that the nitrogen plays a role in vegetative phase like leaves and stem formation. Therefore, the association of mycorrhizal and peanut was able to increase N uptake that caused to the increasing of peanut dry weight.
The research from Fitriana (2017) was found that the application of Glomus sp to soybean giving the best growth compare with control treatment. It caused the root of plant which colonized by mycorrhizal Glomus sp absorb the nutrient faster so the plant grows well and effecting to plant fresh weight.
775 Matsubara et al. (2000) was added that the host plant root colonized by mycorrhizal will produce hyphae intensively so increasing the capacity of absorb the water and nutrient. Goldsworthy and Fisher (1992) said that the increasing of plant fresh weight was caused by nutrient availability, so it's increasing cell division and increasing the plant fresh weight.
It proved that Glomus sp was increased peanut growth through the ability to absorb the nutrient from the soil. The mycorrhizal like Glomus sp has the ability to adapt in Ultisol. Zulaikha and Gunawan (2006) said that the chili growth caused by mycorrhizal application grow well, compared with control to plant height, total leaves area, and plant dry weight.

Peanut yield
The ANOVA test was showed that the kinds of mycorrhizal application to peanut was significant effect to percentage of root infection, total pod per plant, and pod weight per plant. The mean of percentage of root infection, total pod per plant, and pod weight per plant was showed in Table 3. In Table 3.was showed that the best percentage of root infection, total pod per plant, and pod weight per plant found in Glomus sp treatment, and the lowest found in control treatment. It told that, all kinds of mycorrhizal application was able to associate with peanut. Singh et al. (2008) said that, the high competitiveness and adaptation of Glomeraceae was able giving the best impact compared with another family of mycorrhizal.
According to Chapman et al. (2011) FMA effectiveness was depend on environment factor and compability with host plant and kinds of mycorrhizal. According to Hart and Reader (2002) said that the species of Glomus sp more faster infecting the host plant if compared with Acaulospora species. It correlates with the next infection and determine the infection level of mycorrhizal.
Beside the application of mycorrhizal was able to improving the nutrient absorption, it could minimize water consumption for plant in Inceptisol. Fitriana et al. (2018) said that the application of mycorrhizal to soybean was able to absorb water eventhough the water is limit, but the presents of root infected by Glomus sp could be the facilitator in water absorption in dry condition. Gosling et al (2016) said that the plant doing photosynthesis actively will giving the positive effect to root elongation, so the root which colonized by mycorrhizal will having the long root compared with plant without mycorrhizal. Sutedjo (2010) also said that the function of P nutrient in plant could increase the young plant growth become mature plant generally, and it could increase the seeds production. According to Sukmawati (2013) the mycorrhizal treatment will giving the heaviest total weight of seed compared without mycorrhizal treatment.

Conclusion:-
The results from this research was concluded that the best application of mycorrhizal was found on Glomus sp because it was increased plant height, plant dry weight, percentage of root infection, number of pods per plant, and weight of pod per plant. Meanwhile, the Gigaspora gigantea species was increased P uptake and plant fresh weight in Ultisol.