LAND USE AND RECOGNİTİON OF CONSTRUCTİON TECHNİQUES BASED ON LAND USE AND GEOGRAPHİCAL CLİMATİC CONDİTİONS

Rasha Elborgy 1 and Genco Berkin 2 . 1. Doktora oğrencisi, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi, Mühendislik ve fen bilimleri enstitüsü, mimarlik anabilim dalı, Istanbul /Türkiye, 2. Doç. Dr., Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi Mühendislik ve fen bilimleri enstitüsü, mimarlik anabilim dalı, Istanbul /Türkiye. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History

Therefore, mud buildings are located around the Nile valley, especially in Upper Egypt, Luxor, Aswan and Nubia, and in the delta region, where the soil is fertile with clay soil. The Adobe buildings are also located in the oases, due to the dry (figure3) atmosphere.
That's why we did analyzed some samples of soil from different lands in Egypt, then the result was as follows.

Soil components:-
In the North Delta, quartz sand, containing calcium carbonate (CaCo3), is dominated by 4-10% And the proportion of clay and 5-10% and the percentage of salts drops to 0.1% By analysing a sample of delta soil we got that results  8.15 Co3 P N -12 5 As a result of analysis of samples of Delta soil in Egypt 2 source: the researcher Which mean it's a rich soil for mud bricks.

The historical background:-
The word adobe /əˈdoʊbiː/ has existed for around 4,000 years, with relatively little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian (c. 2000 BC) word dj-b-t "mud [i.e., sun-dried] brick, As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic (c. 600 BC), dj-b-t became tobe "[mud] brick Adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. Compared to other materials buildings, adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass, in hot climates.
Homes of sun-dried or Adobe bricks were built in Egypt in 3800 B.C. Mud from the bottom of the River Nile was mixed with straw, shaped and dried in the sun until as hard and strong as rock. Adobe homes were the most efficient structures for the hot and dry Egyptian climate.
Loamy Nile mud mixed with straw resulted in surprisingly strong bricks. A sunbaked mud brick without straw had a strength of less than 6 kp/cm², the addition of straw resulted in a brick three times as strong (about 20 kp/cm²) . As long as groundwater did not dissolve their foundations and floods did not reach them, well-tended mud brick walls could stand for generations. (figure4) In every location during a building project brick moulds of equal size were used, which were between about 45 to 30 cm in length and 20 to 15 cm in width. The brick size was thus standardized, e.g. 30 by 15 by 7.5 cm during the 943 Middle Kingdom. At Karnak the bricks measured 40 by 20 by 15, at the Late Period Naukratis they were about the same size. These dimensions suggest they were generally laid in cross bond (English bond). But other bonding patterns such as running bond, Flemish bond, and stack bond were apparently also used at times.
A modern mud brick maker can produce between 1000 and 2000 bricks a day. One may assume that ancient workers were about as efficient. Five days' work should, therefore, have sufficed to make about 5000 bricks needed for a worker's one-storey house of 60 to 80 m² with 40 cm thick walls. (figure5, 6) One of the earliest tombs to be opened at Nebesheh was built of red baked bricks, dated to Egypt's Nineteenth Dynasty Hassan Fathy and Architecture of Poor:-His gouaches alone could perfectly describe his work, but we'd like nonetheless to hint at the general principles as guidelines to understand them. Fathy believed in the importance of human values, in the use of technology suitable to time and place [that is climate and local economies] , in the need for socially-oriented cooperative construction techniques. He assigned an essential role to tradition and hence to the re-establishment of a national cultural pride, a goal to attain by means of the act of building he was intellectually stimulated by the art of the pharaonic period and was directly influenced by vernacular architecture. He studied the buildings of the old city of Cairo and Nubia in order to create a national architectural language based on the employment of traditional elements and building techniques. it appear in ElGorna village in Luxor (figure7, 8) Both for the value he attributed to manual work and for economical and ideological reasons, he resorts, for the realization of his projects, to traditional techniques that extremely reduce the use of machinery and exploit what is available in a cheap way: earth, straw, man's labour, stones. The brick is, in fact, the only material used in his works. The supporting walls are made either of sun dried bricks made of mud and reinforced with straw (Adobe) or of local stones or fired bricks (figure9) His philosophy:his point of view can be seen through his words like "At all costs, I have always wanted to avoid the attitude too often adopted by professional architects and planners: that the community has nothing worth the professionals' consideration, that all its problems can be solved by the importation of the sophisticated urban approach to building. If possible, I want to bridge the gulf that separates folk architecture from architect's architecture." which reflect a part of his philosophy It lead us to know and learn more about the Thermal properties of Adobe bricks.

Thermal properties of Adobe buildings:-
Adobe brick is considered to be one of the worst conductors of heat, it is due to the significant reduction in its natural conductivity. We found the Heat conduction for: 0.22 ca/min/cm2 for Thickness of bricks made of 20% Fine sand 0.32 ca/min/cm2 for Thickness of bricks made of 80% Coarse sand The mud building is characterized by thermal insulation that loses heat at night and absorbs it during the day, The amount of heat lost outside the building is greater than the amount of heat that is radiated to inside the building. So the building gets cold during the day time and warm at night which creates a natural conditioning. In Egypt we resort to other treatments such as the construction of domes and vaults (figure10)

Components of Adobe bricks:-
In Egypt. Soil + sand + straw + water = the mixture 3 : 1 70% : 30% : as the mix need Mix all together by feed and leave it for 8 to 40 h to ferment well, covering the mixture by plastic cover, Fermentation Produce Lactic acid because of the Lactose in the straw. (figure11)

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After fermenting process we start to put the mixture in the brick form (25*15*5 cm), and then we leave it under sun for 3-6 days (depend on the season winter or summer) to dry well. (figure12) We found the brick made of pure soil shrank 37% after drying process Adding straw has two advantages, first: it works as a fabric for the mud that makes the bricks in coherence Sec. Reduces the shrinkage rate of the brick.
The Straw:-Rice and Palm fronds:-Palm trees have been in existence since the dawn of human civilization, the earliest fossilized palms on record dating back nearly 80 million years to the Cretaceous period. They played an integral role as a resource that could be utilized not only for the fruits some of the trees provided but for a variety of different purposes. They were used whole as thatching to build roofs and walls for houses, the strong mid ribs used to make crates, fences, weapons and furniture and the smaller leaves used as a material for fashioning clothing, baskets, rope and cooking tools. Today, palm trees can be found growing around the world in a variety of different climates. The majority of species, however thrive and can be found growing in warm tropical and sub-tropical climates.
Egypt is one of the famous and largest producers of palm trees, containing about 11.5 million palm trees, each Palm tree produces about 12 palm frond per year. And unfortunately we are using a small amount of those palm fronds in some hand crafts and we waste the largest amount costs millions of Egyptian pound every ear. recently we face a real problem in rice Planting and Low water level in the River Nile, so we found the palm frond will be the good replacement for the rice straw.
By analyzing the Palm frond to see the components, and analyses the Cellulose and Hemisylose, the two important items in fermentation process to get a strong brick.

Results:-
Chemical and physical determinations for date palm leaf samples were presented as follows: Test of absorbing water:-Adobe brick samples were exposed to water by putting each brick in a tank of water, letting the edge of the brick touching the water and watching the amount of water absorbed each hour, the result was as follow. (figure 22,23,24)

Conclusion:-
Building by Adobe bricks is an old construction system, appeared in many ancient civilizations, and can be still used till today.
Adobe brick is famous for mixing the Rice straw with earth for years, though each environment has its special plants can be used and probably can be stronger than rice straw for the mixture, replacing the palm frond instead of rice straw gave us a good results for brick strength as well, specially Palm tree is famous for its strength and living long. Egypt is already conceders one of the biggest produced for this tree, so why we don't use it to revive an old and environmental friend cultures.