UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF “SENSE OF PLACE”WITHIN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE SETTING.

Nik Mastura Nik Mohammad, Nor Atiah Ismail, Sumarni Ismail and Noor Fazamimah Mohd Ariffin. Faculty of Design and Architecture UPM Serdang Malaysia. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 20 October 2018 Final Accepted: 22 November 2018 Published: December 2018


ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 6 (12), 1132-1136 1133 associated with place and people (Thwaites & Simkins, 2007;Carmona, Heath, Oc & Tiesdell, 2006; Gordon Cullen, 1971; Tuan, 2011). The following definitions give the meaning of each of these dimensions. Thwaites (2007) in his classic critique of the sense of place has found a chronology that distinguished the related experts and others. Experts directly expressed a sense of place as to look at how people perceive and a way of seeing. The result is the human response reflectingthe sense of localities with distinguish "feeling" connecting them to the each and individual places (Thwaites & Simkins, 2007:p.143). Table 1 shows the roles of the notable authors discussing on the spiritual dimension as an important aspect in achievinga unique sense of place. Tuan (2011) explainedtheir own "hierarchy of identity and placelessness"from their views as humanistic and geographers (Cullen, 1971;p.5 & p.6). Other theoretical studies from the experts listed in Table 1 include significant activities (human and local), exploring space related to place to man"s physical environment (academia and practice), and contribution of place attachment. Cullen (1971) argues that to achieve a unique sense of place, individual townscape elements should be designed as part of a whole (Cullen, 1971). All these important points are added in a historical dimension and an exploration of the theoretical positions (Norberg-Schulz, 1971, 1991Lynch, 1998). This view is supported by Steele who wrote the experience that people perceive in the sense of place (Steele, 1981). In brief, these theories and definitions clearly indicated that the sense of place and meaning of each of the terms referred to people"s experience, human response and people"s perception. In intermediate theories of place with more experience than the others belief is referred to people"s perception, people"s experience and human response. The studies of sense of place wrapped within the cultural landscapesettings are able to develop significant human behaviour and activities. Thevisual dimension reveals that significant relationship exists between an individual's

Sense of Place in Relation to Social Dimension:-
1134 retain memories and their ability to recall the feeling stimulated in a sense of place in the forms of excitement, joy, and expansive.

Sense of Place in Relation to Spiritual Dimension:-
Several studies have also investigatedthe concept ofsense of place, in relation to the spiritual dimension and how to retain unique sense of identity and place meaningwithin diverse geographical, cultural and spiritual settings. The concept of "sense of place" includes an association of the meaning and physical elements representing beliefs and about their memories. As an example,human experience cities and places from diverse cultural geography settings and at the same time explore on the idea of "what makes these places meaningful". Table 1also shows studies that haveconsidered the relationship of places and people"s experience, people"s perception and people"s responses to the setting. Such experiences reflect Tuan's theories relating to human characters, how they form attachments to home and surroundings, their feelings about space and place affected by the sense of time. Cullen (1971) argues on what makes"a unique sense of place". He expresses on the importance of individual townscape elements that should be designed as part of a whole (Cullen, 1971). Learning from the past, the premodern towns around the world usually necessitate the purpose of designing placesnot only to beused to facilitate daily activities, but also providing symbolic and affective qualities. The spiritual connection that is able tointegrate people to the place. Some of the environmental psychologists also believethat the experience of place is one of the most important factors in intensifying a sense of place. The ideas of "spirit within the place" or character of place makes up the sense of place and how feelings arebeing stimulated; excited, joyous are also examples of this experience. A place is just not an object,it is an area full of promising experiences and meaningful activities. As a landscape architect, the author believes that experience of place is also felt through the interaction of five human sensessuch as sight, smell, taste, touch and hear. Carmona (2006) mentioned on the significant elements of what value is in urban design-economic, social and environmental. Thus, a relationship is formed between people and place inside a particular locality (Carmona, De Magalhães & Edwards, 2007). Table 1 reflects numbers of researchers discussing on the idea of physicaldimensions,such as buildings that has become very popular topic in bringing up the character of the place. Malaysian community as an example, has grown up with significant patriotic history before and after independence in 1957. British occupation in Malaysia for example, has leftsignificant built English cultural landscape characteristics that can be experienced in the old cities and towns around Malaysia. They are also available in films, articles and books reviewed and shaped our perceptions and expectations about places and tells us how to relate ourselves to these places. Preliminary works on physical and visual undertaken by Kevin Thwaiteson how important the building heights in city design that areaffecting image of the city (Thwaites, 2007). However, a number of studies have found that the idea of three dimensions has overarched from those three notable authors, such as Carmona, Cullen and Kevin.

Sense of Place in Relation to Physical Dimension:-
In summary, the three dimensions of social, spiritual and physical have described the essentialsto be used as general factorsin establishing the framework of behavioral studies on sense of place in the cultural context. In line with these dimensions understanding, Tuan (2011) highlighted the significant of localities that make the rise of human physiology and behaviour activity. The sense of being home is significant with place making, place relations, texture and culture.

Content Analysis:-
This studyis basedon prominent authors who have researchedon a place theory as tabulated in Figure 1. Objectives of these selected research are mainly seeking and discovering people"s experience, people"s perception and people"s response towards theirs surroundings based on elements that relate to people"s relationships with places. However, several practical questions arise when dealing with place. Discussions onplace are important since place is able to provide rich meanings for humankind. Tuan (2011) expressesthe importance of culture learning to know the neighborhood that requires landmark significantly. The sense of place is strongly influenced by the existence of significant overwhelming image of the city that is rather unique for each city of different characters and culture. Lynch (1998)found a good relationship between people and place. It is the key to predict that sense of place can also be defined as a combination of physical (location of place), people is experience and the locality setting (Lynch, 1960).
1135 Cullen (1971) argued that in order to achieve a unique sense of place, each part of the townscape should be designedwith details that create a life of their own setting. They satisfy their needs through emotional response in landscape and urban settings through experiential approach. Indirectly, Cullen (1971) and Norberg-Schulz (1971, 1991 use terms such as "spirit of place" or genius loci which has been transformed the Architectural Review passion into an analytical and design tool, such as a form of buildings, natural intangible elements; species of trees, water elements and so on and possess the area (Cullen, 1971;Norberg-Schulz, 1971, 1991. Lynch (1960) explored the aspect ofphysical setting and its appropriateness in the city image. Each discipline tends to have its own favoured methods. By contrast, the perceptual theory holds that perception is indirect experiential landscape, but several approaches might be useful models. Books, articles, and others professional papers and relevant information from related internet websites remained high as the main sources for the research write-up. They have been used to establish the literature framework of this research. The collective literature and precedent review caterfor future reference that will ensure the endurance and continuation of culture and place. The study has concluded that places that add value contribute to establish the urban setting and place context. Reference from the authors analyses compares various aspects of place and space, behaviour place and as place identity. Figure 1 presents an approach which is conventional in all situations. It is seen that little attention has been given to the understanding of place and space behaviour( Table 1). Based on the approach presented in Table 1 and Figure 1, most of the discussion and theory philosophy reviewed, theory and framework have been used to structureworks and detailed in the findings. The study concluded places that add value contribute to establish the urban setting and place context. Literature revealsthat a sense of place has different levels. These findings have important consequences for the broader domain of what other authors really means. It focusing on the basic components of a communicative study that have three different levels of scale as centre, direction, and transition and area using symbol. The paper deals with the existence of sense of place related to cultural variables, such as religious and ethnic background.  Thwaites and Ian (2007) stated the scale, centered, direction and transition area are most significant aspects of place character. Therefore, the reviewed literature has revealed that the physical features of place create the meaning and character that contribute to make sense of place. With the understanding of meanings and concepts, symbols and identity of place the bond becomeseffective. Stedman (2002) argued that the sense of place is very difficult to define. Figure 2 shows the idea of five elements such as landmarks, districts, buildings, sites and monuments as necessary image visually needed, to test the mechanism and attributes of these elements for a city landscape.  Conclusion:- Figure 2 shows the process of selecting and targeting of the sense of place relies on understanding of values. There is a good match between selection of resources and targeting the forms of attractions and identity of place. Altman claimed that as a place can be described as bonding people to places and is influenced by physical approach (Altman, 1992). A novel view of the degree of familiarity with a place plays an important role in a sense of place and place meaning in some of the studies reviewed. Familiarity includes recognizing by entering it or being there. The most likely explanation of is how human perception results in the similarity of some of the place in memorytovisual impact.