GERMINATION SEEDS FROM POWDER BIO ATTEMPTS OF THREE PLANTS KHAYA SENEGALENSIS, EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS, AZADIRACHTA INDICA FOR THE PROTECTION AGAINST OF GROUNDNUT WEEVILS CARYEDON SERRATUS OL.

results of the germination tests show rates higher than 75% which prove a good protection of seeds by the vegetable powders without affecting their germination power. However alternatives of bio-attempts in presence of substance indicators inert in real environment could be envisaged in order to see the viability of treated seeds and this in a long-preservation period.

The seeds treated to different products (Khaya, Eucalyptus, Azadirachta) during bio-attempts of stocking present variations in germination percentage according to the biocide product for the test of Student-Newman-Keuls at the beginning of 5%. In considering one or different plant(s) and the types of vegetable powders, the non-treated indicators peanut ArNT (0g), (98, 33 % ± 0, 88) and chemical of reference P (0,5g), (90, 66 % ±1, 00) are meaningfully different between them and are meaningfully different from powder formulations according to doses. Even if meaningful differences are detected, the results of the germination tests show rates higher than 75% which prove a good protection of seeds by the vegetable powders without affecting their germination power. However alternatives of bioattempts in presence of substance indicators inert in real environment could be envisaged in order to see the viability of treated seeds and this in a long-preservation period.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:-
The viability of seeds is the measure of the seeds number in a group of seeds that are alive and can grow in plants that will develop in the appropriate conditions in the fields (Rao et al., 2006). To germinate, the seed should but submitted to favourable external conditions (water, light, temperature, oxygen) and internal (absence of inhibition and dormancy, maturity, aptitude to germinate) (Larpent, 1976;Singh and Rathod, 2002;Rao et al., 2006). The germination test is realized to determine which proportion of seeds after stocking will germinate in favorable conditions and will produce normal seedlings capable of developing mature plants for their reproduction (Rao et al., 2006). In this fact, there are many tests the most used of which are the bio-chemical and germination tests. The groundnut germination is aboveground. The reservations in the cotyledons dwindle as they ensure the vigorous growth to the seedlings. The pivoting root is in general well developed and the secondary roots bear nodosities containing nitrogen fixative bacteria (Diaw, 1999).
During this activity we are going to lead observations as for the germination tests of groudnut seeds. We will put the germinative faculty in an obvious place that is to say the percentage of seeds likely to produce within a given time healthy and viable seedlings, 75% is generally an acceptable rate.

ISSN: 2320-5407
Int. J. Adv. Res. 6(1), 1566-1574 1567 Methodology:-Seeds from different treatments Khaya, Eucalyptus and Azadirachta are used for the germination test. Circular molded boxes (D = 15 cm) are used for this operation. We put at the bottom of the molded box a blotting paper which enables to keep the water in order to maintain a moistening degree of seeds that are enough to the germination of these ones. Besides, it enables to limit the water access to the contact of the seed which would lead to its deterioration. After the mixture of seeds from different treatments, a number of 100 seeds taken at random is introduced in each box. The total number of seeds used during the germination bio attempts is about 3300 seeds. Then we cover up the seeds again with another blotting paper after moistening in water. All is then closed by a glass cover; the seedbed date, the treatment and the code of the repetition are marked on the box covering. Three repetitions are set by treatment. The observations are made every 24 hours during 72 hours (3 days). Within 72h (3days), the percentage of germinated seeds is taken at the same time with the qualitative observations with an observation form. Are considered as germinated seeds, those whose radicle is pierced the integument and whose length is more than 2 mm.
Survey materials:-During the experience, the used materials are: the petri dishes, paper serving of support in the bottom of dishes, glue, scissors, distilled water, labelling to indicate the petri dishes, trickles for the water imbibition of groundnut seeds.

Experimental mechanism:-
The experimental mechanism is conceived according a complete randomization and the labelling of petri dishes that should contain the seeds is realized under a coded form in accordance with a total randomization. The used vegetable material is the groundnut from the different treatments. An experimental unit represents a petri dish containing a number of groundnut seeds. For each treatment of (Khaya ; Eucalyptus, Azadirachta), we have 3 doses, a chemical reference witness called Percal 1% (P) and a White Witness untreated peanut (Ar NT).

Schema experimental of biocides effects Schema experimental of germination seeds
1568 Results:-

Discussion:-
The germinal power of attacked seeds by the weevils can strongly reduce and can lead from perforated seeds of important attacks by pathogenic germs (Gain, 1897;Cruz et al., 1988). After the insects attack, the mildews can alter, even destroy the robustness and germinal power of seeds (Cruz, 2002 ;Sembene, 2000). In this point of view our outcomes on the germination rate 79% -98% are clearly superior to those ones got by Lame (2011) varying from 60% to 70% for doses (10g/kg and 20g/kg) of Neem seeds powders, these difference could be explained in one hand by the commonly-used proportions, the plant organ but also the exhibition times LT50 much more long of 4 stocking months. In general, when the variation of climatic conditions of the stocking area is bad controlled, there 1572 would be a diminution of the germinal power (Couturon, 1980), observable from 4 stocking months. According to our experimental conditions (34, 21 ± 1°C; 46,01 ± 3% HR), the germination of seeds from vegetable powder treatments of plants (Khaya, Eucalyptus and Azadirachta) hasn't been affected whichever application dose during bio-trials. Except for KhD1 (24g), the germination rates vary from (80,33% ± 0, 39) to (88,33% ± 1, 61), respectively for the different treatments. In this stage of the discussion the essential question that we ask us is to know if these strong rates of germination could be explained by the protective activation of des different bio-actives substances of plants against the insects and mildews. Even so the passage of the powder formulation to this one of essential oils allows asserting both an efficient protection and obtained similar germination rates in the course of bio-trials.
Concerning the essential oils, taking their volatility speed in account, the duration of their persistence and the appropriate technological level for the extraction is matter in rural area for seeds protection. But if our approach remains phytopharmacological, the obtained rates with vegetable powder of the three plants are less non important than those ones got , after passage of groundnut seeds in the mechanism of Shade (1991, 1997) by Sembene (2006). This author shows that when the solarization has occurred in cool times and/or covered. The germination rates are closed to 100%, especially if the exhibition duration is brief. Unlike these rates reduce considerably in clear and hot times when the relative temperature and humidity relative increase. Inspiring of these surveys, we conclude that the heat and choice effect doses on the quality of germinal seeds are also determinant in the choice of use conditions of mechanism or biocide product if it's question of seeds. Otherwise Massala (1997) indicate that the occasioned damages by the weevils larva on the seeds are lots of among which, alteration of seed germ (embryo), the destruction of other parts of the seed which reduces also the viability of des cotyledons (energetic socks) in addition the stain of seeds giving it unfit to human consumption (Hayma, 1985).
Actually, in the case of groundnuts destined for the consumption, we can put it in the optimal conditions of insects' destruction, otherwise these ones assuring the highest temperatures where the most toxical dose for the longest duration or exhibition times with product. In the case of seeds, it's necessary to preserve germination rates so close to 100% that possible that what is very difficult to achieve due to the presence of larva. Delobel (1993), reports that these ones after the hatching enter in the seed where they live until becoming adult. Lame (2011) reports that are what has been experimented in that concerning the diminution of germinal power by Couturon (1980) with Coffea canephora and C. stenophilla where less than 50% of viability rates have been observed from four months in fluctuant conditions against 90% in a controlled atmosphere in fifteen months of stocking. Actually, during stocking, the seeds increase their content in water whether the surrounding isn't controlled, where the exposure necessity to the sun so as to keep the acceptable water content for the stocking (Bertenshaw, 2007). After twelve months of stocking, Smiderle and Cicero (1999) haven't observed any deterioration of physiological quality of treated maize seeds with diatom soils. With our observations where the viability of treated groundnut seeds with vegetable powders isn't influenced neither by the formulations nor the doses. That's what open alternative perspectives of witness researches of inert substances substituent the Percal 1% or preserving them for bio-trials of confirmation as well controlled area as in real area.

Conclusion:-
The obtained outcomes of bio-trials germination of protected seeds by different vegetable powders show in general rates superior to 75%. The different germination tests, reveal that the plants (Khaya, Eucalyptus and Azadirachta) under powder forms can have a phytoinsecticide protection effect without for all that affect the germinal seeds power from this protection. However remains indicate that complementary experiences in real area would been very important for checking if phytopharmacological effect persist and the viability of seeds is preserved during log preservation stocking within the warehouses.