EFFECT OF FEED AND FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION OF AIR BREATHING FISHES CHANNA STRIATA AND PANGASIUS HYPOPHTHALMUS FRY

P. V. Krishna Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of five treatments to observe the growth performance and meat composition of Channa striata and Pangasius hypophthalmus advanced fry for the period of 60 days. Composition of nitrogen in different experiments treatment with different combinations of supplementary feed. The pond was supplemented with 0.2g N/100g body weight fertilizers and supplementary feed, the source of which are different. The treatment was cow dung, pig dung, nitrophos, supplementary feed and probiotics in 5 treatments. The highest fish production was recorded in treatment of supplementary with probiotics. Among the species channa goes to better result compare with the pangus. The present study revealed that there is a significant difference (P < 0.05) between body composition of the studied fish species. Moreover, variations also exist between the fishes of the same species for all the constituents.

composite fish culture (Jingram 1997). A shorter cycle of plankton production can be possible through the use of organic manure in comparison to the application of inorganic fertilizers. The addition of manure influence the relative abundance of plankton density and their community structure in pond aquaculture system.
Feed is the single most important factor in intensive aquaculture, sometimes it costs more than 50% of the total operational cost (Krishna, 2006). Due to the increasing demand for fish feed and the price of feed ingredients, the production cost also dramatically increases that ultimately results in decrease of the profit from aquaculture. Efforts have been employed to minimize the fish production cost by different approaches. Compensatory or catch-up growth offers the possibility of improving the growth rates of fish by a careful choice of feeding schedules in which periods of feed deprivation are followed by periods of satiation feeding (Ali et al. 2003). Reduced feed intake in fish, however, need not be the result of limited feed supply, but may depend on external environmental factors prohibiting the fish from taking feed (Krishna,2005) which would decrease the fish production cost. The mechanism of this phenomenon is poorly understood (Zhu et al. 2005).
Success of any fish culture largely depends on a continual supply of food through natural (fertilization) and supplementary feed. The combination of two to three species may ensure maximum utilization of available natural and food in water bodies because of their different feeding habits. The present study was goes to Channa striata along with pangus (P. hypophthalmus) by using fertilization and supplementary feeding in polyculture system. Supplementary feeding in fertilized ponds resulted in significantly higher growth rates and greater yields than fertilization alone (Green, 1992;Diana et al, 1994).Composition of the body is a good indicator for the physiological condition of a fish but it is relatively time consuming process. Proximate body composition is the analysis of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, moisture and ash contents of fish. The lower percentage of water, greater lipids, protein contents, and higher energy density present in the fish (Dempson et al., 2004). An (2016). The present study was carried for the body composition of channa and pangus using the body composition as an index of growth studies in a cultured pond located in Eluru, area. Analysis of body composition were done at department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University. Andhra Pradesh, India.

Materials and Methods:-
The experiment was conducted at the fish farm Eluru, West Godavari distict, Andhra Pradesh. During the month of August and September of 2015. The ponds were prepared the following standard management practices (Jhingram, 1997). The advanced fry of channa (Channa striata) average weight 1.13g± 0.09 and pangus Pangasius hypothalmus of average weight 1.09 g ±0.08 were purchased from the private fish farm at Eluru. Each species was separately held in oxygenated polythene bags were placed near the experimental ponds and filled with fresh pond water. Each species of fish graded, counted, weighted, and immediately distributed into the ponds. The fry was transported to the experimental fish with oxygenated polythene bags. The fry was stocked at a stocking density of 20 Nos/m2 (1.98 lak/ha).
Each pond was stocked in ratio 2: 3 of channa and pangus with polyculture systems five feeding treatments are (Table 1) determined the body composition of culture organisms. The system consisted of ten one hectare earthen ponds consists water depth about 1.5-2.0 m located at the experimental station. All experimental ponds were drained and sundried for 15 days. Nylon screen enclosures were installed on the water inlet and outlet pipes of each pond to prevent escape and entry of unwanted fishes. All ponds were fertilized using a standard fertilization program (Hepher, 1963) for initiate and promote natural organism to grow. Fertilization was done on weekly basis while feeding was done on daily basis. The supplementary feed was formulated for treatment T3, T4 and T5 having 28.5% crude protein by following Pearson method (Rath, 2000) including fish meal, rice polish, sunflower meal, vitamin and minerals premix. After one-month interval, on the basis of wet fish body weights, amount of organic and inorganic fertilizer and supplementary feed to be added in fish ponds were determined for each treatment. Water quality in the experimental ponds was monitored (APHA,1998) every one week to maintain water quality except D.O. The D.O was observed every day. At the final harvest, the meat samples of fishes from culture ponds were examined for the proximate composition of fish species in terms of moisture, crude protein, total fats, total ash and carbohydrates to study the effect of fertilization, supplementary feed and supplementary feed along with probiotic {Amruth fish) as feed probiotics-Pvt}, on the meat composition of channa and pangus by using Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC,1995) standard techniques. For this purpose five fishes were randomly selected from each pond. Three meat samples were taken from each specimen. Head, viscera, bones, fins, scales and tails of these fishes were removed and only their flesh was used for analysis. The detailed procedure for each analysis is given as the following.

Fish Growth Parameters:
Specific Growth Rate:

No of fish harvested
Where, W 1 = weight of Petri dish + sample before drying; W 2 = weight of Petri dish + sample after drying; W 3 = weight of the sample; Dry matter percentage was calculated by the following; Dry matter (%) = 100 -moisture (%) Crude protein:-Crude protein of the meat samples were analyzed by using micro Kjeldahl's method. A digestion mixture of K 2 SO 4 and CuSO 4 in proportion of 9:7 was prepared. One gram of dried sample and a 5g of digestion mixture were weighed into Kjeldahl's flask. 30ml of concentrated H 2 SO 4 was added to it. The mixture was boiled at low temperature and then vigorously at high temperature until the mixture turned transparent clear greenish. Digested material was cooled down and volume was made up to 250 ml with distilled water. 10ml of this diluted volume and 10ml of 40% NaOH were put in apparatus and distilled with steam. Ammonia liberated was collected in 10ml of 2% boric acid solution with a drop of methyl red indicator. Ammonia was collected for about 2 minutes after the color of indicator changed from pink to golden yellow. Then ammonia in boric acid solution was titrated against (0. Crude protein in sample was calculated by following formula. Crude protein (%) = % N2 × 6.25 Whereby, 6.25= Assumed factor for equation of N2 % to crude protein.
Total fats:-Total fat contents of meat samples were determined following petroleum ether extraction method through the Soxtec HT2 1045 system. The sample was placed in the Soxtec thimble, which was attached to the adapter. A defatted cotton wool was plugged on the top of the sample. The thimble was inserted into the condenser. The heating plate handle was pressed down and already weighted extraction cup, having petroleum ether up to 50-70 ml inserted in it.
The main switch was switched on and cold water tap was turned on. The extraction cup was then clamped into the condenser. Extraction mode knob was moved to "Boiling" position for 15 minutes. The thimble was then immersed in the solvent. The material was boiled with thimble immersed in it. It was made sure that the condenser valves were opened. The extraction mode knobs were moved to the "Rinsing" position for 30 minutes. Thimble was then hanged above the solvent surface. After rinsing, the condenser valves were closed by turning a quarter turn. The extraction cup was released and the condenser valves were opened. Later on the "Main" switch was switched off and cold water tap was turned off. Extraction cup with trace amount of petroleum ether solvent and fat was placed in oven for drying. After drying, extraction cup was transferred to desiccators for 5 minutes and again weighted. Total fat percentage of the sample was calculated by following formula:

Total ash:
The total ash was determined by burning 2g of dried fish tissue in a pre-weighed China dish and then samples were placed in a muffle furnace for ignition at 550 -600°C till residue was obtained after 4 -5 hours. Then the samples residue were placed in desiccators to cool and then weight was recorded. Percentage of ash was obtained by using the following formula: Total ash (%) = Wt. of ash × 100 Wt. of sample Carbohydrates:-The total carbohydrates were determined as follows: 100-(Moisture + Crude protein + Total fats + Total Ash).

Results and Discussion:-
The growth performance of channa and pangus fry fed on different treatments were given ( Table 2 and3). Final weight gain percentage was maximum recorded in the treatment 5 in the both fishes. Survival rate and specific growth rate also observed in similar trend in the treatment 5 in both fishes . The 60 days study period water quality parameters was observed i.e. temperature ranged from 28-35°C, pH values was 7.2 to 8.1, Total alkalinity 86 to 115mg/l, Total hardness 94 to 152mg/l and DO was 4.9 to 5.8 mg/l. The water quality parameters exert a significant influence on the growth, survival, and production of the organisms. In the present experiment, the water quality parameters are within permissible ranges and within the acceptable limits. Growth of fry and fingerlings to greater extent was depended on the quality of food (Krishna, 2006). Rearing of fry in nurseries is an important and crucial step in the fish culture and the adverse conditions were improper management may leads to severe damage and consequences resulting in mortality fry to some extent (Krishna, 2006).   Feed is the major concern for intensive aquaculture and the commercial feeds are very costly and also expected feed conversion efficiency is not always achieved. In this circumstance, proper utilization of these feeds can only improve the benefit level of fish farmers by reducing the feed costs. One such benefit could be achieved by applying mixed feeding schedules. On the other hand, if the feeds are properly utilized, the possibility of water quality deterioration is less which ultimately will help to increase the production of fish. The results of the present study revealed that an increase in the level of incorporated probiotics with supplementary feed resulted in significant effect on the flesh crude protein content in the air breathing fish channa, and pangus (cat fish). Same continued total fat, total ash and carbohydrates also. Changes in body composition in relation to type of food ingested are a common phenomenon in all species of fish (Papoutsoglou and Paparaskeva-Papouslogdou, 1978;Schwarz et al., 1984;Desilva and Gunasekera, 1989). The quantity and quality of supplementary feed have a pronounced effect in growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and proximate composition of fish (Jena et al., 2002). The proximate composition of fish meat of between the two species showed that maximum moisture content were observed in channa in T1 and T3 (79.56 %) and minimum were noticed in T4 and T5 (76.2%) in pangus ( Table 4). The main constituent of muscle of the fish is moisture, which play an important role in their metabolism. The water content of fish is varied within the limited range in various species (Afser and Ali, 1981). The body moisture undergoes cyclic changes along with fattening of the body (Afser, 1992;Peyami et al., 2006).
In body composition of the fish are an important attribute which affected by pond ecosystems, fertilization (Hassan, 1996) feed ingredients (Javed et al., 1995), probiotics (Krishna et al., 2009) and feeding rates (Hassan and Mocintosh, 1993). The proximate composition of fish meat of two species shows that the crude protein content were observed maximum in channa in T5 (19.87%) and minimum in T3 (15.95%) in pangus. The protein contributed from the supplementary feed and natural diet combination might be efficiently utilized by the fish for synthesis of tissue protein, leaving the scope for diversion to energy production through domination. Hassan (1996) and Javed et al., (1995) confirmed these results by reporting that meat quality is affected by fertilization and supplementary feed. Hassan et al., (2000) reported that significant difference in carcass composition of fish was observed between the treatments for various treatments. Krishna et al., (2015) reported that the body composition of fish is influenced by the chemical composition of the diet. In the present study compare with among diets probiotic corporate T-5 recorded better growth and survival of both channa and pangus. Similar results were observed by Murthy and Naik, The total fat, the percentage goes maximum in T5 (2.52%) and minimum in T1 (1.06 %). Channa goes to maximum percentage of total ash in T5 (1.94%) and minimum total ash (1.50) in T1. The inclusion of supplementary feed along with probiotics the crude protein, crude lipid and carbohydrates percentage increases compare with other diets. Among the species, channa goes to better results in case of crude protein (mean value 17.76%) and total fats (mean value 1.95%). These results are supported by (Keshavanath et al., 2006). Further, Hepher (1963) stated that natural food organisms contain low energy, while protein is in excess. Therefore, fish consuming only natural food have minimal fat and maximum protein accumulation in their body. Our results are also similar that crude protein content in treatments T1, T2 and total fat content in treatment T1, T2. Information regarding different fish contents such as protein, fats, carbohydrates and other nutrients and how they vary in different fish species used is very important for the consumers. This information helps them to select the most suitable fish species because of having elevated protein contents. It is also facilitates the consumer to select fish of optimum size and suitable for consumption.
The study clearly indicates that a combination of live food (natural food through fertilization) and supplementary feed provides a better nutritional profile in culture species to support quality and quantity fish production. Addition of probiotics goes to increase the production better feed management strategy by less pollution load. The natural and supplementary feeds solved the problems of inadequate nutrient supply encountered through the addition of the probiotics. This will provide better production objectives like high quality meat to be achieved and might be a better feeding for sustainable aquaculture practices.