MAPPING OF AVAILABILITY OF HOUSEHOLD AMENITIES TO MEASURE SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN HARYANA

Received: 16 August 2016 Final Accepted: 19 September 2016 Published: October 2016 The present paper is an attempt to analyse the spatial variations in household amenities and assets in respect of availability of source drinking water, availability of lighting, latrine facilities and fuel used for cooking facilities in all 21 districts of Haryana. These amenities improve the quality of life and are the positive signs of social status and instruments for a better life. In the present study GIS techniques has been applied to show the spatial pattern. As per 2011 census, only 68.8% of households having facility of drinking water through tap, only 28.5% households using LPG as fuel in cooking, 9% of households have no access to electricity, 31.4% of households having no access latrine facility. The study shows that the availability of tap as main source of drinking water decreases from high in the northern part to low in the Southern part of the state. There is a declining trend in availability of electricity from east to west direction. Some districts in southern part of the state, the general condition of latrine facilities is good in Haryana. There is a more than 50% household using LPG in eastern side of the state but lower consumption have shown in western side of the state.

The present paper is an attempt to analyse the spatial variations in household amenities and assets in respect of availability of source drinking water, availability of lighting, latrine facilities and fuel used for cooking facilities in all 21 districts of Haryana. These amenities improve the quality of life and are the positive signs of social status and instruments for a better life. In the present study GIS techniques has been applied to show the spatial pattern. As per 2011 census, only 68.8% of households having facility of drinking water through tap, only 28.5% households using LPG as fuel in cooking, 9% of households have no access to electricity, 31.4% of households having no access latrine facility. The study shows that the availability of tap as main source of drinking water decreases from high in the northern part to low in the Southern part of the state. There is a declining trend in availability of electricity from east to west direction. Some districts in southern part of the state, the general condition of latrine facilities is good in Haryana. There is a more than 50% household using LPG in eastern side of the state but lower consumption have shown in western side of the state.

Introduction:-
The meanings of social exclusion "Exclusion" is not a concept rooted in the social sciences, but an empty box given by the French state to the social sciences in the late 1980s as a subject to study… The empty box has since been filled with a huge number of pages, treatises and pictures, in varying degrees academic, popular, original and valuable". (Murard, 2002:41) Housing and household amenities are basic needs of human beings as it provides protection from weather, place to bring up families and a place to work and also it is fundamental duty for government to provide affordable homes and housing amenities to everyone. Household assets and amenities reflect a household"s quality of life. A lack of basic amenities has important implications for the quality of life of ordinary people and their health. The provision of basic services such as piped water, sanitation systems, and electricity has been an important goal of Indian developmental planning. Although there was progress in the supply of safe water, electricity and access to toilets to households, there were large variations in the pace of achievement of the goal (shaw, 2007). There is key dependencies exist between water supply and sanitation and improvements in health, education, population stabilization and overall human development (Dreze and Murthi, 2001; Gupta and Mitra, 2002).

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Electricity provides more reading and education; liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)/PNG fuels provide a cleaner environment and better health as well as reduces in time for cooking; clean water and sanitation reduce the prevalence many diseases; access to piped water reduces the time of women spend in water collection. These amenities improve the quality of life and are the positive signs of social status and instruments for a better life. According to Census of India "household is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. The term "basic amenities", refers to drinking water supply, sanitation, electricity and so on (Shaw 2007). It is assumed that availability of drinking water, sanitation facilities, etc. might contribute to the health improvement of the people and determine the quality of life of the society (Nayar 1997).The lacking of these facilities or their insufficient availability in an area is not only exerting an impact on the health status of the population but also it has been due to the lack ofinefficiency of government. The health indicators such as availability of drinkingwater, sanitary facilities, etc, are much more required for health improvement among the population. Progress in sanitation and improved hygiene has greatly improved health, but many people still have no adequate means of disposing of their waste. This is carrying the risk of infectious disease, particularly to poor section of society..The present paper is an attempt to analyse the spatial variations and the level of development in terms of housing status and accessibility of household amenities and assets in respect of availability of source drinking water, availability of lighting, latrine facilities and fuel used for cooking etc. in all 21 districts of Haryana.

Data and Methodology:-
The present research work is based on secondary sources of data collected from the Census of India publication of 2011 on houses and household amenities of Haryana. In this study, houses and household amenities like percentage of household"s population having facilities of drinking water, electricity, latrine and fuel used for cooking taken into account to spatial variation at the district level.
A set of indicators includes source of drinking water through tap, electricity, toilet facility and LPG used for cooking. In the first step, the raw data for each variable which determines the areal variation of levels of housing and modern household amenities have been computed, tabulated and analysed. Arc GIS software (Version 9.3) has been applied to show the mapping of spatial patterns of houses and household amenities among the districts.

Study Area:-
The

Results and Discussion:-
Drinking Water:-Safe water refers to water supplied from covered sources such as through taps, tube wells and hand pumps. Water from uncovered or exposed sources such as wells, springs, rivers, tanks and ponds are not considered safe. The source for drinking water identified by the Census 2011 include tap, hand pump, tube well, tank and pond, river and canal, spring and any other source for drinking water at the time of house listing operations. As per Census 2011, 68.8% of the total households have tap water as the main source of drinking water. The highest proportion of households having source of drinking water is observed in Ambala (84.3%) followed by Yamunanagar (83.3%), Sirsa (81.8%),Kurukshetra (80.4%) and Gurgaon (80.2%). The lowest is noticed in Mewat (23.4%) followed byMahendergarh (47.7%), Jind (49%), Bhiwani (53.2%) and Palwal (56.9%). It is remarkable that exceptMewat, all districts in Haryana have recorded higher percentage than the nation average of the country(46.6%) in Census 2011. It can be seen that there is a great variation in availability of drinking water among thedistricts of Haryana. An examination of spatial distribution of map given reveals that thereis also great variation in respect of source of drinking water through tap for population in the study area which shows the socially excluded districts. During Census 2011, there are 12 districts of Haryana have recorded Firewood as fuel for cooking which is above the state average of 26.3%. But all the district of Haryana has recorded below nation average of 49 percent. Among the districts, the maximum usage is registered in Mewat (47.8%) followed by Bhiwani (43.6%), Palwal (39.1%) and Hisar (33.5%). Households in 10 districts use LPG/PNG above the state average of 44%. The highest percentage of households (74.3%) using LPG/PNG as fuel of cooking is recorded in Gurgaon followed by Faridabad (73.2%), Panchkula (63.2%) and Ambala (58.5%). Use of kerosene as fuel of cooking is very low in Haryana (1%) and only 6 districts have recorded above the state average. Panchkula has registered the highest percentage (5.2%) and the minimum which are negligible is recorded in Mewat.

Conclusion:-
Housing amenities such as access to electricity, a clean water supply, and the quality of fuels for cooking are major factors in determining the quality of life for population. The availability of these services and the number of household assets vary considerably throughout the Haryana. There are remarkable positive changes between 2001 and 2011 census. The study shows that the availability of tapas main source of drinking water decreases from high in the northern part to low in the Southern part ofthe state. There is a declining trend in availability of electricity from east to west direction. There is remarkable progress in toilet facilities within the premises of household from 2001 to 2011 census. Except some districts in southern part of the state, the general condition of latrine facilities is good in Haryana. There is a more than 50% household using LPG in eastern side of the state but lower consumption have shown in western side of the state.
The GIS mapping gives us a spatial understanding of states and concluded that the level of housing status and condition is very high to high in the eastern part, while it is comparatively low level in the western parts of Haryana.