TIMOR-LESTE GOVERNMENT POLICY ANALYSIS REGARDING HOUSING IN THE CITY OF DILI

Xisto Gonçalves. Universitas Nusa Cendana (UNDANA) Kupang, Indonesia. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 12 February 2019 Final Accepted: 14 March 2019 Published: April 2019

The right to adequate housing is the right of every citizen embodied in the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (art 58) that the Timor-Leste government recognizes the right to housing for every citizen but the fact shows that the government has not been able to build a house for the people in accordance with expectations of the constitution. The Government of Timor-Leste has formulated a national policy on housing and settlements, namely Law no. 10/2007, but until now not implemented, the government faces various obstacles: political constraints, lack of human reources, lack of legislaslation (territory instrument plan, land use legislatios, edifications and urbanizatations law) in the absence of special legal derivative products on housing and settlements, legal barriers, budget constraints and human resource. Obtacles above contributed to the residents builded in organizing zone ,there is no construction quality control, no spatial regulations and at the same time no decent national housing is in place where the population can be sheltered and safe legal procedures. The formulation of national housing and settlement laws, the government is expected and involves all components composes NGOs and academies. To conduct a comprehensive intervention to improve the quality of the law on housing to be formulated, based on the fact of the Timor-Leste context, and at the same time need to create adequate interventions, in particular cases of evictions, reallocation of residents, new settlements and socialization.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:-
Timor-Leste is a new country which restored its independence on May 20, 2002, with an area of 14, 874 km2 with a population of Timor-Leste 1,183,643 people, women 582,531, men 601,112 out of 204, 591 heads of families (2015 census). As a new independent state in the era of globalization, Timor-Leste is required to keep up with technological progress and play an active role in national development process, so therfore it can expose the lives of prosperous and safe people. Proper housing rights are the rights of every citizen included in RDTL Constitution (article 58) It has been regulated that the government of Timor-Leste recognizes the right to be home for every citizen but the fact shows that the government has not been able to build a house for the people in accordance with the expectations of the constituency. More than 58% of the population still lives in unfit homes, the city of Dili is the center of all economic activities, population numbers are increasing, and demand for housing is increasing (FTM's 852 housing Report, 2011). The Government of Timor-Leste has issued law No, 10/2007, but the law has not yet been implemented. With the present of the legislation were a national document that reflected the seriousness of the government in housing development for the community and was an acknowledgment that housing was a serious problem and an issue that had to be addressed immediately (Timor-Leste National Strategic Plan 2011-2030). The National Housing Policy aims to contribute to "poverty reduction, social inclusion and economic justice at the overall national level through improving living standards and generally improving quality of life, with special reference to the most disadvantaged urban and rural communities reviewing housing policies in Timor-Leste is a manifestation, that housing has a dominant role in the development process, the government is required to have a short, medium and long term plan for housing in order to achieve collective housing development. Law No. 7 of 2007 recognizes the coordination of ministries and provides a clear political orientation on housing development, the existence of consultative organs whose representatives are from various circles, and addressed other legal packages such as; construction rules, spatial laws and urban management. A national law that has accumulative content but its implementation has not been implemented and is a policy that is not successful or leads to a failed policy, why is that, for eleven years the implementation process does not exist, the budget for State expenditure from 2011-2016 is not included in the budget specifically for housing, housing issues are managed by the social ministry, the planner's duties from the public works ministry do not work and there is no socialization, the directorate of housing and urban planning transferring functions from the Ministry of Public Works to the Ministry of Planning and Estrategic Investment. A failed policy is often influenced by several factors including: Communication, Resources, Disposition and Bureaucratic Structure by George C. Edwards III, quoted from (Journal of Factors Affecting the Implementation of Green Open Space Policy in Rembang Regency, Meidian Miranti; Administration Public, FISIP, Undip). In addition to some of the obstacles above, there are also other obstacles in the context of Timor-Leste, such as: political intervention, legal obstacles, and budget constraints.

Research Aims
The aims of the study are as follows: Finding the factors that caused the Act law No. 10 of 2007 to not be implemented? Before discussing further about the concept of public policy, we need to first examine the concept of policy or in English we often use the term policy. In the Indonesian Dictionary, policy is defined as a series of concepts and principles that form the outline and basis of the plan for the implementation of a job, leadership, and how to act (about government, organization, etc.); statement of ideals, goals, principles and guidelines for management in an effort to achieve the goals (Arifin Tahir 2015: 20). According to Thomas R. Dye, cited by Dwiyanto Indiahono (2016: 17), is whatever goverments choose to do or not to do. Public policy is basically a decision that is intended to overcome certain mistakes made by agencies that have authority in the framework of the implementation of state government tasks and development, taking place in one particular policy (Deddy Mulyadi 2016: 37). Whereas according to William N. Dunn (2003: 132), Public Policy is a complex pattern of dependence on interdependent collective choices, including decisions not to act, made by government agencies or offices. Concept of Public Policy Analysis Dunn, (2003: 22), argues that the process of policy analysis is a series of intellectual activities carried out in the process of activities that are basically political in nature. Political activity is explained as a policy-making process and actualized as a series of interdependent stages arranged according to the time frame of agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy assessment. The purpose of policy analysis is to improve policy by creating critically evaluating, and communicating knowledge that is relevant to policy, but policy improvements require the use of that knowledge by policy makers, a complex process that is formed through a meeting between three elements (Dunn; 1983), namely: Composition of Usage, Effect of use and Scope of knowledge used. Map of public policy barriers, mapping is a procedure to identify the limitations and obstacles that face the road to achieving policy and program objectives. In general, barriers are classified into 6 categories (Dunn, 1999: 476), but the author chooses several obstacles that have relevance to the context of Timor-Leste, namely: Legal barriers, Political obstacles, Budget constraints and human resources.
Housing Policy in general is a basic necessity of the community; therefore, the government is certainly obliged to continue to strive to meet people's needs for housing services, especially for low-income communities. To carry out these obligations, the state creates certain policies to ensure that all citizens can meet their needs for access to housing. According to Sjafrizal (2012: 251) in general there are three public policies in the housing sector, according to: (a) supply-side policy, (b) Demand-Side Policy, and (c) Urban Renewal Policy. There is no denying that these three public policies actually influence each other, so that the implementation of these policies in practice needs to be done in an integrated manner.
This study, using qualitative procedures where the author relies on data in the form of text and images, has unique 853 steps in analyzing the data, and comes from research strategies (adapted from Creswell, 2010). The study took place in the city of Dili, which was located in: the National Directorate of Housing and Urban Planning. And several other related agencies such as: Bairo Pite Suco (Bairopite Village), RW Golgota (Comoro Village) and Forum Tau Matan (national NGO focusing on public housing advocacy. This study focuses on: Implementation of Law No. 10 of 2007 with the sub-focus of research is: political, legal, budgetary and human resource. The inhibiting factors are the implementation of the RDTL government housing policy in the city of Dili Correct national regulatory framework; there must be a national regulatory framework that stimulates local improvements and the provision of services to the poor, including effective land rights and housing as well as the energy system.

Conclusion:-
From the results of the research and discussion carried out, the researchers presented several conclusions as follows: Timor-Leste faces various social problems that require serious attention and intervention from the government, such as: housing problems, evictions, land available and land tenure system, land compensatations, shopping centers and industries while reducing, coastal areas are inhabited by all communities, tourism areas are converted into areas of settlement such as Tasitolu, which are not based on adequate housing and housing criteria, the public lacks access to government information and policies regarding housing and urban management, some people still inhabit Indonesian and Portuguese heritage homes.
Law. No. 10/2007 is a national recognition that housing issues are national issues that must be observed by the government, but the government has not implemented these laws, because there are several external influencing factors such as; unavailability of implementation regulations, obstacles; politics, law, budget and human resources. An expectation expected by the public is the existence of a national law on housing, in order to be able to answer public uncertainty regarding housing conditions, especially those associated with homes inhabited by the community.
Political intervention and program changes in the ministry resulted in the DNHPU not being able to spread its functions and roles. With the number of times the process of transition from one ministry to the ministry did not result in a significant process and showed that the government was less focused and serious about housing, while housing problems, population growth, population movements continued to increase which ultimately contributed to social problems to front of it suggestion.
The city of Dili is the center of the capital of Timor-Leste, and is the smallest district in terms of area, only 372 Km2, but most of the population. The development of the size of the city of Dili by using the population as an indicator shows that the city of Dili today has an indication that the city has a larger population compared to other cities, the reason being that the population of Dili will reach 2 times that of other cities. on the need for urban housing and land. The situation and condition of housing in the city of Dili is now a matter of urgency to be addressed by the government, an unorganizing zone over the housing conditions that are so crowded and narrow. So far the community still lives in housing, it is a challenge that must be faced by the government in the new Dili process. The government needs a budget that is appropriate for the re-allocation of residents who have already inhabited a dozen years at the location of the housing. The Government of Timor-Leste is expected to create an ideal eviction procedure document and become an integral part of the Timor-Leste housing law.
The Government of Timor-Leste is advised to carry out an adequate evaluation of the implementation of the Law. No. 10/2007, and identify calculated inhibiting factors from; political barriers, implementing regulations, budget constraints, legal obstacles and barriers to human resources. The government is advised to discuss derivative regulations on housing and settlements (Housing and Settlement) and discuss continuity as a national policy on housing, and conduct public concultations as a process of improving the quality of laws and public participation, as well as material community level discussions about the importance of housing development plans. In additional to complete or to support these law, government need to completely additional legelations such as; housing law, (Territory instrument plan, Land use legislatios, edifications and urbanizatations law) refered to article 32 of law no.6 / 19 April 2017 (law bases of the ordination of the territory) government commitment ro responde to the demand and supplay o f housing and regulating the city form the squatter, slum prevention and support to program up grading or revitalizatations. Dili master plan (it was prepara ba JICA and support with national Directorat for housing and urban planning), need to be implement and making adoption in the political level, as the way to drive and to be national guidliness to control city, and putting in the national plan and concritize in state budget.