18Sep 2017

CHANGING STATUS OF GIRL STUDENTS IN RELATION TO MARRIAGE AND FAMILY ASPECTS IN SOME RURAL AREAS OF ALMORA DISTRICT IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA.

  • Researcher, GBPNIHESD Campus, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora- 263 643, Uttarakhand.
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo
  • Abstract
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

The status of women and girls is relatively low in India?s male dominated society. Women constitute nearly half of the country?s population with over 65% of them living in rural areas; they do play a vital role in the rural economy and, therefore, must be considered equal partners in the development process. A qualitative reform among the women is possible only through their education which would not only help in improving the overall educational status but also their overall economic development and independence. Therefore, one of the important aspects to be considered for women?s education is to ensure proper schooling of girl children as they are the future of the country, and will form the future women force. In view of comparatively low literacy rate of women (70.7%, men- 88.3%; Census of India 2011) in Uttarakhand, it was pertinent to undertake an investigation on rural girl children (6-18 years) of Almora district to assess the attitudinal change towards their marriage (early or late) and family (type and size), in relation to their education. Further, mother?s attitude towards dowry in daughter?s marriage was also obtained. The study revealed that overall mindset of young girls and their parents towards early marriage has changed over the years and greater proportions are in favour of late marriage. The confident girls wished marrying after 25 years, following attainment of economical independence. The mothers too expressed their willingness to educate their daughters to higher level and not early marriage. On discussing dowry, a mixed opinion emerged amongst parents; while some favoured dowry as gift to their daughters for establishment of a new family, others preferred making their daughters economically independent by higher education. The type of family also appeared to have an influence on respondents? education, as more number of school going respondents belonged to a nuclear family.

  1. Annual Health Survey (2011-12). Fact sheet- Uttarakhand. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, New Delhi, India (http://www.censusindia.gov.in). Retrieved on 10th June, 2015.
  2. Anonymous (2005). Course material on Rural Social Development. MRDE-101, Block-1. School of Continuing Education; Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi.
  3. Baburam (2005). Raising the age of marriage, In: Usha Sharma (ed.), Marriage in Indian society: From tradition to modernity, Vol. 2, pp. 63-69. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
  4. Bernstein, B. (1997). Class and pedagogies: Visible and invisible, In: A.H. Halsey, H. Lander, P. Brown, A.S. Wells (eds), Education: Culture, economy and society, pp. 59-79. New York: Oxford University Press.
  5. Bloom, D.E. & Trussell, J. (1984). What are the determinants of delayed child bearing and permanent childlessness in the United States? Demography, 21: 591-611.
  6. Caldwell, J. C. et al. (1983). The causes of marriage change in South India. Population Studies, 37: 343-361.
  7. Census of India (2011). Wikipedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 2011_census_of_India). Retrieved on 29th April, 2014.
  8. Chandola, Sarla (1999). Uttarakhand ka loksahitya aurjanjeevan (Hindi), 272 p. New Delhi: Takshila Prakashan, ISBN 81-85727-60-0.
  9. Driver, Edwin (1963). Differential fertility in Central India, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 29th April, 2014.
  11. http://www.medindia.net/health_statistics/general/marriageage.asp. Retrieved on 14th November, 2015.
  12. Hussain, I. Z. (1972). Educational status and differential fertility in India, In: Z. Hussain (ed.), Population analysis and Studies. Bombay: Somaiya Publications.
  13. Jejeebhoy, S.J. (1995). Women?s education, autonomy, and reproductive behaviour: Experience from developing countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  14. Jha, S. S. et al. (1969). Family planning attitudes and practices in women: A study in two groups. The Journal of Family Welfare, 16 (1): 10-24.
  15. Joshi, S.C. (1988). State of education and literacy in Kumaun, In: K.S. Valdiya (ed.), Kumaun- Land and People, pp. 341-345. Nainital: Gyanodaya Prakashan.
  16. Kammeyer, C.W. & Ginn, H. Z. (1988). An introduction to population. New Delhi: Archives Books Ltd.
  17. Kapadia, K. (1966). Marriage and family in India. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
  18. Kaufman, G.L. & Meekers, D. (1998). The impact of women?s socioeconomic position on marriage patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 29 (1): 101-114.
  19. Kaur, Ramandeep (2013). Low female literacy rate and its impact on our society (http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/society/low-female-literacy). Retrieved on 17th October, 2013.
  20. Krishnamurthy, K.G. (1968). Research in family planning in India. Delhi: Sterling Publishers.
  21. Kumar, Nita (2007). The politics of gender, community and modernity: Essays on education in India. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
  22. Majumdar, K. (2001). Dowry related violence: An over view. Indian Journal of Social Work, 3(62): 397-413.
  23. Mandelbaum, D. (1999). Dowry deaths in India. Commonweal,8: 18-20.
  24. Nandi, Shibani & Joshi, H.C. (2015). Status of girl?s education in selected rural areas of Almora district in Uttarakhand. International Journal of Applied Research, 1 (12): 237-243.
  25. Oppenheimer, V. K. (1988). A theory of marriage timing. American Journal of Sociology, 94: 563-591.
  26. Panda, Gayatri (2015). Maternal involvement in everyday schooling: a micro study. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 22 (2): 219-242.
  27. Pande, G.C. (1988). Role and status of women in Kumaun, In: K.S. Valdiya (ed.), Kumaun- Land and People, 161-177. Nainital: Gyanodaya Prakashan.
  28. Raina, E.L. (1972). Fertility status of Indian women. In: Family planning status of women in India, pp. 88-101. New Delhi: Central Institute of Research and Training in Public Cooperation.
  29. Rajaraman, Indira (1983). Economics of bride price and dowry. Economic and Political Weekly, 18(8): 275-279.
  30. Rindfuss, R.R. & St. John, C. (1983). Social determinants of age at first birth. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45: 553-565.
  31. Roulet, Marguerite. (1996). Dowry and prestige in North India. Contributions to Indian Sociology (New Series), 30 (1): 89-106.
  32. Saxena, D.N. (1975). Report of family planning and fertility survey of Kumaun region. Series 8, Survey report V, Lucknow: Demographic Research Centre.
  33. Sen, Amartya (1997). Editorial: Human capital and human capability. World Development, 25(12): 1959-1961.
  34. Srinivas, M.N. (1983). Some reflections on dowry. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  35. Srivastava, Gouri (2005). Women education in India- Issues and dimensions. Delhi: Academic Excellence.
  36. Srivastava, J.N. (1974). A study of inter-district variations in family planning acceptance in Kumaun hills. Series-C, 70-73. Lucknow: Demographic Research Centre, Lucknow University.
  37. Srivastava, J.N. (1982). Determinants of age at marriage. Series- C, Analytical Report, pp. 60-64. Lucknow: Demographic Research Centre, Lucknow University.
  38. Srivastava, J.N. 1979. Incidence of child marriage, widowhood and divorce among female. Series-C, P. Occasional Paper-21, pp. 12-17. Lucknow: Population Research Centre.
  39. Tewari, S.G. (1987). The requisites of efficient area planning in drought-prone areas of U.P. hills. Presidential Address, Proceedings of Seminar on Drought Prone Areas, pp. 3-4. Nainital: Administrative Training Institute.
  40. Tripathi, Beena (1980). Fertility pattern in Kumaun. D. Thesis, 365 p. Kumaun University, Nainital, India.
  41. United Nations (1987). Fertility behaviour in the context of development: Evidence from the World Fertility Survey. Washington DC: World Bank.
  42. United Nations (1988). First marriage: Patterns and Determinants. Washington DC: World Bank.

[Shibani Nandi (2017); CHANGING STATUS OF GIRL STUDENTS IN RELATION TO MARRIAGE AND FAMILY ASPECTS IN SOME RURAL AREAS OF ALMORA DISTRICT IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 5 (Sep). 746-758] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com

Shibani Nandi
Researcher, GBPIHED Campus, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora- 263 643, Uttarakhand

DOI:

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/5384      
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/5384

Download Full Paper

Download PDF No. of Downloads: 6 | No. of Views: 57