10Oct 2017

SOME HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES, HORMONE-RELATED REPRODUCTIVE BREAST CANCER RISK FACTORS AMONG WOMEN IN PORT HARCOURT: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY.

  • MPH Student and Correspondence Author, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, of the University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
  • Lecturers of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, of the University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
  • General Surgeon of the Department of Surgery, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
  • General Surgeon of the Department of Surgery, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo
  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

Aim: To determine the association between hormonal contraceptives / other hormonal-related reproductive risk factors and breast cancer among women in Port Harcourt. Background: Despite the known benefits of hormonal contraceptive agents and other well established non-contraceptive benefits, they have been associated with risk of breast cancer among women. In addition to hormonal agents, some other factors have been associated with the risk of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out among patients with clinically and histologically confirmed breast cancer (as cases) and patients without any known cancer (as controls) in the out-patient clinics and wards of the public (and some private) tertiary hospitals in Port Harcourt. All histologically confirmed breast cancer patients were recruited for the study and the controls were individually matched based on age with a matching ratio of 1:1. Results: The mean age for the case control study was 44.67?13.41 (cases) and 46.11?13.76 respectively. The odds of developing breast cancer among the women using oral contraceptive pills was similar to that of women who were not using oral contraceptive pills. The odds of developing breast cancer among the women using injectable hormonal agents was 1.26 times higher among women with breast cancer (OR = 1.26, 95% CI=0.74-2.16), although, the relationship was not significant (P>0.05). Those that were 18 years old at first pregnancy were less likely to develop breast cancer compared to women greater than 18 years old at first pregnancy, the relationship was significant. Conclusion: Injectable contraceptives in this study were associated with higher odds of developing breast cancer among cases than controls though the relationship was not significant. Pregnancy before 18 years of age reduces the odds of breast cancer significantly.

  1. Adebamowo, C.A., Adekunle, O.O. (1999). Case-controlled study of the epidemiological risk factors for breast cancer in Nigeria. Br. J. Surg. 86: 665-8.
  2. Agbo, P.S., Oboirien, M. & Gana, G. (2013). Breast Cancer Incidence in Sokoto, Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 1614-1622.
  3. Amadou, A., Hainaut, P., & Romieu, I. (2013). Role of Obesity in the Risk of Breast Cancer: Lessons from Anthropometry. Journal of Oncology, Volume, 2013. Article ID 906495, 19 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/906495.
  4. Assi, H.A., Khoury, K.E., Dbouk, H., Kalil, L.E., Mouhieddine, T.H., El Saghir, N.S. (2013). Epidemiology and prognosis of breast cancer in young women. J Thorac Dis, 5, 2072-1439.
  5. Backman, T., Rauramo, I., Jaakkola, K., Inki, P., Vaahtera, K., Launonen, A., et al. (2005). Use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol, 106 (4): 813?7.
  6. Bethea, T.N., Rosenberg, L., Hong, C., Troester, M.A., Lunetta, K.L., Bandera, E.V., ... Palmer, J.R. (2015). A case?control analysis of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer subtypes in the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Consortium. Breast Cancer Research, 17: 22.
  7. Black, A., Francoeur, D., Rowe, T., Collins, J., Bay, M. & Miller, D. (2004). Canadian Contraception Consensus. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 26(3): 219?54.
  8. CDC & NICHHD (1986). Oral-contraceptive use and the risk of breast cancer. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (CDC & NICHHD). N Engl J Med, 315(7), 405?11.
  9. CGHFBC (1996). Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (CGHFBC). Lancet, 347(9017):1713?27.
  10. Danaei, G., Vander, H.S., Lopez, A.D., Murray, C.J., & Ezzati, M. (2005). Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioral and environmental risk factors. Lancet, 366, 1784-93.
  11. Ebrahimi, M., Vahdaninia, M., Montazeri, A. (2002). Risk factors for breast cancer in Iran: a case?control study. Breast Cancer Res; 4(5): R2.
  12. Ebughe, G.A., Ekanem, I.A., Omoronyia, O.E., Nnoli, M.A., Nwagbara, V.J., Udosen, J.E., ? Ugbem, T.I. (2016). Age Specific Incidence of Breast Cancer in Calabar, Nigeria. IJTDH; 16(4): 1-12. Article no. IJTDH. 23502.
  13. Ewertz, M., Duffy, S.W., Adami, H.O., Kvale, G., Lund, E., Meirik, O., ? Tulinius, H. (1990). Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries. Int. J. Cancer. 46 (4): 597-603.
  14. Ferlay, J., Shin, H.R. & Bray, F., Forman, D., Mathers, C., & Parkin, D.M. (2010). Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. International J Cancer, 127: 2893-917.
  15. Forbes, J.F. (1997), The incidence of cancer: the global burden, public health consideration, Semin Oncol., 24 No 1, pp. 20-35.
  16. Frank, D.W., Kirton, K.T., Murchison, T.E., Quinlan, W.J., Coleman, M.E., Gilbertson, T.J., et al. (1979). Mammary tumors and serum hormones in the bitch treated with medroxy-progesterone acetate or progesterone for four years. Fertil Steril, 31(3): 340?6.
  17. Greenspan, A.R., Hatcher, R.A., Moore, M., Rosenberg, M.J., & Ory, H.W. (1980). The association of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate and breast cancer. Contraception, 21(6): 563?9.
  18. Gupta, N., Corrado, S. & Goldstein, M. (2008). Hormonal Contraception for the Adolescent. Pediatrics in Review, 29: 386. DOI: 10.1542/pir.29-11-386.
  19. Hankinson, S.E., Colditz, G.A., Manson, J.E., Willett, W.C., Hunter, D.J., Stampfer, M.J., Speizer, F.E. (1997). A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses? Health Study, United States). Cancer Causes Control, 8: 65-72.
  20. Hannaford, P.C., Selvaraj, S., Elliott, A.M., Angus, V., Iversen, L., Lee, A.J. (2007). Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practitioner?s oral contraception study. BMJ, 335: 11.
  21. Heimdal, K., Skovlund, E., Moller, P. (2002). Oral contraceptives and risk of familial breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev, 26(1): 23?7.
  22. Jedy-Agba, E., Curado, M.P., Ogunbiyi, O., Oga, E., Fabowale, T., Igbinoba, F., ? Adebamowo, C.A. (2012).Cancer Incidence in Nigeria: A Report from Population-based Cancer Registries. Cancer Epidemiol; 36(5): e271?e278.
  23. Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M.M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., & Forman, D. (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 61: no. 2, pp. 69?90.
  24. Jordan, A. (1994). Toxicology of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception, 49: 189?201.
  25. Kim, Y., Choi, J.Y., Lee, K.M., Park, S.K., Ahn, S.H., Noh, D.Y., ? Yoo, K.Y. (2007). Dose dependent protective effect of breast feeding against breast cancer among ever lactated women in Korea. J. Cancer Prev, 16:124-129.
  26. Kumle, M., Weiderpass, E., Braaten, T., Persson, I., Adami, H., & Lund, E. (2002). Use of Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer Risk: The Norwegian Swedish Women?s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 11: 1375?1381.
  27. Kuru, B., Ozaslan, C., Ozdemir, P., Dince, S., Camlibel, M. & Alago, H. (2002). Risk factors for breast cancer in Turkish women with early pregnancies and long-lasting lactation. Acta Oncologica, 41(6):556-561.
  28. Liang, A.P., Greenspan-Levenson, A., Layde, P.M., Shelton, J.D., Hatcher, R.A., Potts, M., et al. (1983). Risk of breast, uterine corpus, and ovarian cancer in women receiving medroxyprogesterone injections. JAMA, 249(21): 2909?12.
  29. Malone, K.E., Daling, J.R., Weiss, N.S. (1993). Oral contraceptives in relation to breast cancer. Epidemiol, Rev, 15: 80-97.
  30. Marchbanks, P.A., McDonald, J.A., Wilson, H.G., Folger, S.G., Mandel, M.G., Daling, J.R., ? Weiss, L.K. (2002). Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. New Engl. J. Med., 346: 2025?2032.
  31. McDaniel, E.B., Pardthaisong, T. (1973). Incidence of breast nodules in women receiving multiple doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Biosoc Sci, 5:83?8.
  32. Narod, S.A., Dube, M.P., Klijn, J., Lubinski, J., Lynch, H.T., Ghadirian, P., et.al. (2002). Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 94(23): 1773?9.
  33. Okobia, M., Bunker, C., Zmuda, J., Kammerer, C., Vogel, V., Uche, E., Anyanwu, S., Ezeome, E., Ferrell, R. & Kuller, L. (2006). Case?control study of risk factors for breast cancer in Nigerian women. Int. J. Cancer, 119: 2179?2185.
  34. Oluyemi, O.Y. (2015). Early Detection of Breast Cancer: Awareness and Practice of Self Breast Examination among Female Traders and Shoppers in Sagamu. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS). Volume 14, Issue 12 Ver. III, PP 01-09. www.iosrjournals.org.
  35. Ozmen, V., Ozcinar, B., Karanlik, H., Cabioglu, N., Tukenmez, M., Disci, R., ? Soran, A. (2009). Breast cancer risk factors in Turkish women ? a University Hospital based nested case control study. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 7:37.
  36. Parkin, D.M., Pisani, P., Ferlay, J. (1999). Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin, 49 No. 1, PP. 33-64.
  37. Parkin, D.M., Bray, F., Ferlay, J., & Pisani, P. (2005). ?Global cancer statistics, 2002?. CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 55: no. 2, pp. 74?108.
  38. Sighoko, D., Ogundiran, T., Ademola, A., Adebamowo, C., Chen, L., Odedina, ? D., Olopade, O. (2015). Breast cancer risk after full-term pregnancies among African women from Nigeria, Cameroon, and Uganda. Cancer, 121(13):2237-43.
  39. Talamini, R.D., La Vecchia, C., Franceschi, S., Colombo, F., Decarli, A., Grattoni, E., ? Tognoni, G. (1985). Reproductive and hormonal factors and breast cancer in a northern Italian population. J. Epidemiol, 14: 70-4.
  40. Tavani, A., Braga, C., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E., Russo, A., Franceschi, S. (1997). Attributable risk for breast cancer in Italy: education, family history and reproductive and hormonal factors. J. Cancer, 17; 70(2):159-63.
  41. The International Collaborative Post-Marketing Surveillance of Norplant (2001). Post-marketing surveillance of Norplant contraceptive implants: I. contraceptive efficacy and reproductive health. Contraception, 63:167?86.
  42. Ursin, G., Henderson, B.E., Haile, R.W., et al. (1997). Does oral contraceptive use increase the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations more than in other women? Cancer Res, 57(17): 3678?81.
  43. Vessey, M., Yeates, D. (2013). Oral contraceptive use and cancer: final report from the Oxford-Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Contraception, 88: 678-83.
  44. WHO IARC (2013). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Press Release. Online: accessed on 27th May 2016 @ https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2013/pdfs/pr223_E.pdf.
  45. WHO (1991). Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Breast cancer and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: a multinational study. Lancet, 338: 833?838.
  46. Weir, R., Day, P., Ali, W. (2007). Risk factors for breast cancer in women. New Zealand Health Technology Assessment (NZHTA), 10(2).
  47. Zannat, K.E., Karim, N., Faruquee, M.H., & Haque, M. (2015). Risk Factors for Breast Cancer among Women Attending In Selected Hospitals of Dhaka City. Journal of Medical and Biological Science Research, 1 (10), pp. 162-168.

[Ijah R. F, Adeniji F. O, Mezie-Okoye M. M. and Dodiyi-Manual A. (2017); SOME HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES, HORMONE-RELATED REPRODUCTIVE BREAST CANCER RISK FACTORS AMONG WOMEN IN PORT HARCOURT: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 5 (Oct). 15-24] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com

Ijah1, R.F.*,
MPH Student and Correspondence Author, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, of the University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

DOI:

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/5502      
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/5502

Download Full Paper

Download PDF No. of Downloads: 56 | No. of Views: 166