PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AMONG POST-PARTUM MOTHERS IN JEDDAH.

  • Medical intern - King Abdulaziz University – Jeddah – Saudi arabia.
  • SBOG,ABOG, Assistant Professor-OB/Gyn department, King Abdulaziz University – Jeddah – Saudi Arabia.
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo

  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

Background: Pregnancy and delivery are big events in a woman’s life , it could associated with physiological and psychological problems lead to postpartum depression (PPD) , This study aimed to assess the prevalence rate of post-partum depression symptom among post-partum mother in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia Method: This cross sectional study was carried out at five health care centers in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia during the period from January to December 2016, among post-partum mother who admitted to obstetrics & gynecology units , A semi structure questionnaire was used to collect the data. Result: A total of 512 postpartum females were included in this study, (68.8%) were from group age 25-40 46.5% were housewives and 66.6% had a university education , 65.6% were from group monthly income more than 8000 SR, 25.0% reported medical problem, 43.9% planned for pregnancy. The EPDS mean score was 12.7±5.8 rang (0-30) , there was significant association between PPD and the following sociodemographic and medical characteristics ( maternal age, maternal education ,maternal occupation, monthly income , medical problems , planning pregnancy and previous psychological problems). Conclusion: The current study showed that advanced age , lower educational level for both mother and father , medical problems were risk factors . Further studies need to be conduct to investigate the relation between PPD and other risk factors in Saudi community.

  1. Suhitharan T1, Pham TP2, Chen H3, Assam PN4, Sultana R2, Han NL5, Tan EC6, Sng BL Investigating analgesic and psychological factors associated with risk of postpartum depression development: a case-control study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat.2016 Jun 9;12:1333-9.
  2. Giri RK1, Khatri RB2, Mishra SR3, Khanal V4, Sharma VD5, Gartoula RP. Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among post-partum mothers in Nepal. BMC Res Notes.2015 Mar 31;8:111.
  3. Alharbi AA1, Abdulghani HM. Risk factors associated with postpartum depression in the Saudi population. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat.2014 Feb 17;10:311-6.
  4. Villegas L1, McKay K, Dennis CL, Ross LE. Postpartum depression among rural women from developed and developing countries: a systematic review. J Rural Health. 2011 Summer;27(3):278-88.
  5. Postnatal Depression Information Booklet. 2008. Postnatal Depression Support Group.pnd.ie
  6. Vigod S, Villegas L, Dennis C-L, Ross L. Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women with preterm and low-birth-weight infants: a systematic review. BJOG 2010;117:540–550.
  7. Turkcapar AF1, Kad?o?lu N2, Aslan E3, Tunc S4, Zay?fo?lu M5, Mollamahmuto?lu L. Sociodemographic and clinical features of postpartum depression among Turkish women: a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015 May 3;15:108.
  8. Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M., and Sagovsky, R. 1987. Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry 150:782-786 .
  9. Markhus MW, Skotheim S, Graff IE, et al. Low omega-3 index in pregnancy is a possible biological risk factor for postpartum depression. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e67617.
  10. Davies BR, Howells S, Jenkins M. Early detection and treatment of postnatal depression in primary care. J AdvNurs. 2003;44(3): 248–255.
  11. Zauderer C. Postpartum depression: how childbirth educators can help break the silence. J Perinat Educ. 2009;18(2):23–31.
  12. Regmi S, Sligl W, Carter D, Grut W, Seear M. A controlled study of postpartum depression among Nepalese women: validation of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale in Kathmandu. Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7(4):378–82.
  13. Nepal M, Sharma V, Koirala N, Khalid A, Shresta P. Validation of the Nepalese version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in tertiary health care facilities in Nepal. Nep J Psychiatry. 1999;1:46–50.
  14. DØRheimHo†Yen S, TschudiBondevik G, Eberhard†Gran M, Bjorvatn BR. Factors associated with depressive symptoms among postnatal women in Nepal. ActaObstetGynecol Scand. 2007;86(3):291–7.
  15. Halbreich U, Karkun S. Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2006;91(2–3):97–111.
  16. Muraca GM, Joseph KS. The association between maternal age and depression. J ObstetGynaecol Can. 2014;36(9):803–810.
  17. Daoud N, Shoham-Vardi I, Urquia ML, O’Campo P. Polygamy and poor mental health among Arab Bedouin women: do socioeconomic position and social support matter? Ethn Health. Epub May 30, 2013.
  18. Shepard LD. The impact of polygamy on women’s mental health: a systematic review. EpidemiolPsychiatr Sci. 2013;(1):47–62.
  19. Goshtasebi A, Alizadeh M, Gandevani SB. Association between maternal anaemia and postpartum depression in an urban sample of pregnant women in Iran. J Health PopulNutr. 2013;31(3):398–402.
  20. Black MM, Baqui AH, Zaman K, et al. Depressive symptoms among rural Bangladeshi mothers: implications for infant development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(8):764-772.
  21. Ege E, Timur S, Zincir H, Geckil E, Sunar-Reeder B. Social support and symptoms of postpartum depression among new mothers in Eastern Turkey. J ObstetGynaecol Res. 2008;34(4):585-593.
  22. Kheirabadi GR, Maracy MR, Barekatain M, Salehi M, Sadri GH, Kelishadi M, Cassy P. Risk factors of postpartum depression in rural areas of Isfahan Province,  Arch Iran Med. 2009;12(5):461-467.
  23. Savarimuthu RJ, Ezhilarasu P, Charles H, Antonisamy B, Kurian S, Jacob KS. Post-partum depression in the community: a qualitative study from rural South India.  Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2010 56(1):94-102.
  24. Stewart RC, Bunn J, Vokhiwa M, et al. Common mental disorder and associated factors amongst women with young infants in rural Malawi. Soc Psychiatry PsychiatrEpidemiol. 2009;45(5):551-559.
  25. Chaaya M, Campbell OM, El Kak F, Shaar D, Harb H, Kaddour A. Postpartum depression: prevalence and determinants in Lebanon. Arch WomensMent Health.  2002;5(2):65-72.
  26. Chandran M, Tharyan P, Muliyil J, Abraham S. Post-partum depression in a cohort of women from a rural area of Tamil Nadu, India. Incidence and risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;181:499-504.
  27. Clarke K, Saville N, Shrestha B, Costello A, King M, Manandhar D, et al. Predictors of psychological distress among postnatal mothers in rural Nepal:  a cross-sectional community-based study. J Affect Disord. 2014;156:76–86.
  28. O’hara MW, Swain AM. Rates and risk of postpartum depression-a meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1996;8(1):37–54.
  29. Lee DT, Yip AS, Leung TY, Chung TK. Identifying women at risk of postnatal depression: prospective longitudinal study. Hong Kong Med J. 2000;6(4):349–354.
  30. Goker A, Yanikkerem E, Demet MM, Dikayak S, Yildirim Y, Koyuncu FM. Postpartum depression: is mode of delivery a risk factor? ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:616759.
  31. Saleh El-S, El-Bahei W, El-Hadidy MA, Zayed A. Predictors of postpartum depression in a sample of Egyptian women. Neuro Psychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:15–24.
  32. Segre LS, O’Hara MW, Arndt S, Stuart S. The prevalence of postpartum depression: the relative significance of three social status indices. Soc Psychiatry PsychiatrEpidemiol. 2007;42:316–21.
  33. Da-Silva V.A., Moraes-Santos A.R., Carvalho M.S., Martins M.L.P., Teixeira N.A.. Prenatal and postnatal depression among low income Brazilian women.  Braz J Med Biol Res [serial on the Internet]. 1998 June [cited 2014 Jan 05];  31: 799-804. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X1998000600012&lng=en. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ S0100-879X1998000600012.
  34. Ross LE, , Dennis CL.. The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review.J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009 Apr;18(4):475-86.
  35. Chaaya M, Campbell OM, El Kak F, Shaar D, Harb H, Kaddour A. Postpartum depression: Prevalence and determinants in Lebanon. Arch WomensMent Health 2002;5:  65–72.
  36. Fo¨ rger F, Ostensen M, Schumacher A, Villiger PM. Impact of pregnancy on health-related quality of life evaluated prospectively in pregnant women with rheumatic diseases by the SF-36 health survey. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1494–1499.
  37. Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004;26(4):289–295.
  38. Chee CY, Chong YS, Ng TP, Lee DT, Tan LK, Fones CS. The association between maternal depression and frequent non-routine visits to the infant’s doctor – a cohort study. J Affect Disord. 2008;107(1–3): 247–253.
  39. Gonidakis F, Rabavilas AD, Varsou E, Kreatsas G, Christodoulou GN. A 6-month study of postpartum depression and related factors in Athens Greece. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(3):275–82.
  40. O’Hara MW. Postpartum depression: what we know. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65:1258–69.  Orsel S, Karadag H, Turkcapar H, Kahilogullari AK. Diagnosis and classification
  41. subtyping of depressive disorders: comparison of three methods. Bull ClinPsychopharmacol. 2010;20:57–65.
  42. Silva M and Halpern SH. Epidural Analgesia for Labor and Delivery. Local RegAnesth. 2010; 3: 143–153.
  43. Ding T, Wang DX, Qu Y, Chen Q, Zhu SN. Epidural Labor Analgesia Is Associated witha Decreased Risk of Postpartum Depression: A Prospective Cohort Study. 2014 Aug;119(2):383-92.
  44. Sng BL, LeongWL, Zeng Y, Siddiqui FJ, AssamPN, LimY, Chan ESY, Sia AT. Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD007238. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007238.pub2.
  45. Hiltunen P, Raudaskoski T, Ebeling H, Moilanen I. Does pain relief during delivery decrease the risk of postnatal depression? ActaObstetGynecol Scand. 2004;83(3):257–261.

[Dareen H. Alamoudi, Ahmad M.S Almrstani, Ayman Bukhari, Lujain H. Alamoudi, Amienah M. Alsubaie, Rana K. Alrasheed and Osama Bajouh. (2017); PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AMONG POST-PARTUM MOTHERS IN JEDDAH. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 5 (Feb). 1542-1550] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com

Dareen H. Alamoudi
Medical intern - King Abdulaziz University – Jeddah – Saudi arabia

DOI:

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/3314      
DOI URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/3314

Download Full Paper

Download PDF No. of Downloads: 65 | No. of Views: 239