Biological control by microorganisms

Biological control is the suppression of damaging activities of one organism by one or more other organisms. They are many environmental benefits of biological control including safety for humans and other non target organisms, reduction of pesticide residues in food, increased activity of most other natural enemies, and increased biodiversity in managed ecosystems, their advantages are numerous. Biological control of plant pathogens was applied and it can result from many different types of interactions between organisms. In addition, in the field of biological control of insects, there are varieties of the bacteria, fungi and viruses are currently used for control of a broad range of crop and forestry pests and larvae of several blood-sucking pests of humans and domestic animals. Nematodes in soil are subject to infections by bacteria and fungi, this creates the possibility of using soil microorganisms to control plant-parasitic nematodes. In the field of biological control of human diseases, food borne Salmonella infections are a major public health concern worldwide, bacteriophages offer highly specific and effective biocontrol of such pathogens. Also, chronic gut diseases can arise if pathogens in the gut flora begin to grow at high levels. However, some species are beneficial because they can repress the activities of the harmful types; this has led to the development of foods (Probiotics) that serve to increase numbers of the beneficial type. In the field biological control of plant viruses, viruses cannot be directly controlled by chemical application, and the major means of control (depending on the disease) include: Chemical or biological control of the vector (the organism transmitting the disease). The potential of using living organisms, like insects, fungi, and bacteria were tested as biological control agents for weed management, and there are a novel approach offered by living organisms as agents for biological weed control, this weed management tool is evolving as an alternative to herbicides. Recently, nuclear techniques have a significant role to play in facilitating the use and increasing the cost-effectiveness and safety of biological control agents, nuclear techniques can improve the efficiency of biological control by decreasing of the cost of production of bioagent, increasing host suitability and stimulation of biological process.