ANTI-IMMIGRANT RHETORIC, SHIFTING IDEOLOGIES AND THE CRIMINALISATION OF THE OTHER: AN ANALYSIS OF MIGRANT CRIME AND THREAT DISCOURSE IN THE NORWEGIAN PRINT MEDIA FROM 2000 TO 2014
- BCCJ BSocSci (Psych) MCCJ (Hons).
37 Downloads
152 Views
Abstract
This paper examines the construction of ?immigrants? and ?threat? in violent crime media coverage in Norway, by drawing upon themes from McCombs and Shaw?s (1972) agenda-setting hypothesis, and Blalock?s (1967) race-threat theory. Results from the thematic qualitative analysis and the themes identified suggest an escalating anti-immigrant rhetoric in Norway?s media, with an agenda that demonises deviant ?others? (i.e. immigrants, particularly of the ?non-Western? variety). The current study is limited to print media, however, future research in this field should examine other media mediums, including visual media and social media, as well as comparing and exploring the themes of this paper within other national contexts.
Keywords
Article Analytics
References
- Altheide, D.L. (2002). Creating Fear: News and the Construction of Crisis. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
- Bakken, A. (1998). Youth in the Big City. Oslo: NOVA Rapport.
- Bangstad, S. (2015). The racism that dares not speak its name: Rethinking Neo-nationalism and Neo-racism. Intersections, 1 (1), 49-65.
- Barker, M. (1981). The New Racism. London: Junction Books.
- Barkin, S. (2003). American Television News: The Media Marketplace and the Public Interest. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.
- Berg, J.A., & Gleditsch, R.F. (2014). Norwegians? attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy: Symbolic politics and group threat. International Journal of Sociology, 2, 124-131.
- Blalock, H.M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations. New York: Capricorn Books.
- Bobo, L. (1988). Group conflict, prejudice, and the paradox of contemporary racial attitudes. In Eliminating Racism (pp. 85-114). United States: Springer US.
- Bosworth, M., Bowling, B., & Lee, M. (2008). Globalization, ethnicity and racism: An introduction. Theoretical Criminology, 12 (3), 263-273.
- Breed, W. (1955). Social control in the newsroom: A functional analysis. Social Forces, 33 (4), 326-335.
- Brox, O. (1997). Intergration, underclass and marginalisation ? Some reflections on the current immigration crisis. Samfunnsforskning, 38 (2), 252 ? 255.
- Bye, H.H., Herrebr?den, H., Hjetland, G.J., R?yset, G.?., & Westby, L.L. (2014). Stereotypes of Norwegian social groups. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55, 469-476.
- Ceobanu, A.M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 309?328.
- Chamlin, M.B. (2009). Threat to whom? Conflict, consensus, and social control. Deviant Behaviour, 30 (6), 539-559.
- Chavez, L.R. (2001). Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
- Chiricos, T., & Eschholz, S. (2002). The racial and ethnic typification of crime and the criminal typification of race and ethnicity in local television news. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39 (4), 400-420.
- Cohen, B. (1963). The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Crawford, A. (2006). Networked governance and the post-regulatory state? Steering, rowing and anchoring the provision of policing and security. Theoretical Criminology, 1 (4), 449 ? 480.
- Cummins, W.M, & Gordon, G.G. (2006). Programming our Lives: Television and American Identity. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
- Cunningham, F. (2011). The virtues of urban citizenship. City, Culture and Society, 2 (1), 33?44.
- DeKeseredy, W.S., & Dragiewicz, M. (2012). Racial/Ethnic variations in violence against women: Urban, suburban, and rural differences. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 1 (2), 184 ? 202.
- Entman, R.M. (1990). Democracy without Citizens: Media and the Decay of American Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Eriksen, T.H. (2012). Xenophobic exclusion and the New Right in Norway. Journal of Community and Applied Sciences, 22 (3), 206-209.
- Eriksen, T.H. (2013). Immigration and National Identity in Norway. Migration Policy Institute (MPI): Transatlantic Council on Migration.
- Esses, V.M., Medianu, S., & Lawson, A.S. (2013). Uncertainty, threat, and the role of the media in promoting the dehumanization of immigrants and refugees. Journal of Social Issues, 69 (3), 518-536.
- Fleras, A., & Kunz, J. (2001). Media and Minorities: Representing Diversity in a Multicultural Canada. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.
- Fredrickson, G.M. (2002). Racism: A Short History. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Franko-Aas, K. (2007). Analysing a world in motion: Global flows meet ?criminology of the other.? Theoretical Criminology, 11 (2), 283-303.
- Fussell, E. (2014). Warmth of the welcome: Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy. Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 479 ? 498.
- Gigerenzer, G., Krauss, S., & Vitouch, O. (2004). The null ritual: What you always wanted to know about significance testing but were afraid to ask. In Kaplan, D. (Ed.). The Sage Handbook of Quantitative Methodology for the Social Sciences (pp. 391 ? 408). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Gorman, L., & McLean, D. (2003). Media and Society in the Twentieth Century: A Historical Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
- Greenburg, B.S., & Mazingo, S.L. (1976). Racial issues in mass media institutions. In Towards the Elimination of Racism (pp. 309-340). New York: Pergamon Press.
- Gullestad, M. (2002). Blind slaves to our prejudices: Debating ?culture? and ?race? in Norway. Ethnos, 69 (2), 177-203.
- Henry, P.J., & Sears, D.O. (2002). The symbolic racism 2000 scale. Political Psychology, 23 (2) 253-283.
- Hjerm, M. (2007). Do numbers really count? Group threat theory revisited. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33 (8), 1253-1275.
- Hogg, R. (2007). Criminology, crime and politics before and after 9/11. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 40 (1), 83-105.
- Hudson, B. (2008). Difference, diversity and criminology: The cosmopolitan vision. Theoretical Criminology, 12 (3), 275-292.
- Hudson, B., & Bramhall, G. (2005). Assessing the ?Other?: Constructions of ?Asianness? in risk assessments by probation officers. British Journal of Criminology, 45 (5), 721-740.
- (2013). SPSS Statistics, Version 22.0. New York: IBM Corporation.
- Jewkes, Y. (2004). The Media and Crime. London: Sage.
- Jewkes, Y. (2011). The Construction of Crime News. Los Angeles: Sage.
- Kaya, Y., & Karakoc, E. (2012). Civilizing vs. destructive globalization? A multi-level analysis of anti-immigrant prejudice. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 53 (1), 23-44.
- Kerbel, M.R. (1999). Remote and controlled: Media politics in a cynical age (2nd Ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview.
- Kinder, D.R., & Sanders, L.M. (1996). Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Kymlicka, W. (2012). Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future. Migration Policy Institute Europe (MPIE): Transatlantic Council on Migration.
- Ladegaard, H.J. (2013). Beyond the research of ethics and equity? Depersonalisation and dehumanisation in foreign domestic helper narratives. Language and Intercultural Communication, 13 (1), 44-59.
- Lien, I.L. (1997). How do we diagnose racism? A problem for both immigrants and researchers (De liker oss ikke: Den norske rasismens ytringsformer). Oslo: Tano Aschehoug.
- Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion. Oregon: The University of Oregon Press.
- Lithman, Y. (2004). When researchers disagree: Epistemology, multiculturalism, universities and the State. Ethnicities, 4 (2), 155-184.
- Lucas, S.R. (2008). Constructing Colour-blind Classrooms ? Everyday Racism; Getting Real about Race in School. New York: Sage.
- Lund, M. (2004). Sweden?s Equal Law. Stockholm: Kalla Kullor Forlag.
- Maneri, M., & ter Wal, J. (2005). The criminalisation of ethnic groups: An issue for media analysis. Forum of Qualitative Social Research, 6 (3), 1-21.
- Markert, J. (2010). The changing face of racial discrimination: Hispanics as the dominant minority in the USA ? A new application of power-threat theory. Critical Sociology, 36 (2), 307-327.
- McCombs, M.E., & Shaw, D.L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of the mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-187.
- Meertens, R.W., & Pettigrew, T.F. (1997). Is subtle prejudice really prejudice? Public Opinion Quarterly, 61 (1), 54-71.
- Midtb?en, A.H., & Rogstad, J. (2012). Discrimination: Methodological controversies and socological perspectives on future research. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 2 (3), 203-212.
- Miles, R. (1989). Racism: Key Ideas. London and New York: Routledge.
- Morey, P., & Yaqin, A. (2011). Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after 9/11. MA: Harvard University Press.
- Nafstad, H.E., Blakar, R.M., Carlquist, E., Phelps, J.M., & Rand-Hendriksen, K. (2009). Globalisation, Neo-liberalism, and community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 43, 162-175.
- Norsk Mediabarometer (SSB). (2014). Newspaper Sales Figures, 2014. Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyr? (Statistics Norway).
- Pawson, R., & Tilley, N. (1997). Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage.
- Phelps, J., Ellertsen, D.E., Turken, S., & Ommundsen, R. (2011). Integrating immigrant minorities: Developing a scale to measure majority members? attitudes toward their own proactive efforts. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52 (4), 404-410.
- Press Reference. (2015). Most-read newspapers in Norway, 2015.pressreference.com. Retrieved 28th October, 2015.
- Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60 (4), 586-611.
- Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries. European Journal of Political Research, 47, 737-765.
- Rogers, E.M., & Dearing, J.W. (1988). Agenda-setting research: Where has it been, where is it going? Communication Yearbook, 11, 555-594.
- Shulman, S., & Xenos, N. (2009). Challenging the civic/ethnic and West/East dichotomies in the study of nationalism. Comparative Political Studies, 35 (5), 554 ? 585.
- Slaata, T. (2015). Print versus digital in Norwegian newspapers. Media, Culture, & Society, 37 (1), 124-133.
- Sundlis?ter-Skinner, M. (2012). Norwegian Euroskepticism: Values, identity, or interest. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50 (3), 422 ? 440.
- Taguieff, P.A. (1988). The Strength of Prejudice: Racism on Trial. Paris: La Decouverte.
- ter Wal, J. (2002). Racism and Cultural Diversity in the Mass Media. An Overview of Research and Examples of Good Practice in the EU Member States, 1995-2000. Vienna: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.
- The Nordic Page. (2009). How many newspapers do Norwegians read a day?tnp.no. Retrieved 11th March, 2015.
- Thomas, W.I., & Thomas, D.S. (1928). The Child in America: Behaviour Problems and Programs. New York: Knopf.
- Walgrave, S., & van Aelst, P. (2006). The contingency of the mass media?s political agenda-setting power: Toward a preliminary theory. Journal of Communications, 56, 88-109.
- Weber, R.P. (1990). Basic Content Analysis (No. 49). London: Sage.
- Weimann, G. (2000). Communicating Unreality: Modern Media and the Reconstruction of Reality. London, UK: Sage.
- Wiggen, M. (2012). Rethinking anti-immigration rhetoric after the Oslo and Ut?ya terror attacks. New Political Science, 34 (4), 585-604.
- Wilson, C.C. (2002). The paradox of African-American journalists. In Ethnic Minorities and the Media (pp. 85-99). Buckingham: Open University Press.
How to Cite This Article
Natalie Nilsen. (2018); ANTI-IMMIGRANT RHETORIC, SHIFTING IDEOLOGIES AND THE CRIMINALISATION OF THE OTHER: AN ANALYSIS OF MIGRANT CRIME AND THREAT DISCOURSE IN THE NORWEGIAN PRINT MEDIA FROM 2000 TO 2014, Int. J. of Adv. Res., 6 (05), 978-992, ISSN 2320-5407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/7120
Corresponding Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.





