- Abstract
- Keywords
- References
- Cite This Article as
- Corresponding Author
The study of tramadol has increased during the last decades, as tramadol has a potential risk to both an individual and the society he/she lives in. However the concept of using tramadol as a painkiller has become a revolution recently. Because of this, all the efforts have been applied in studying this therapeutic drug and the factors for its addiction and abuse. The abuse of the drug among physicians and patients required the study of the physiology and the chemical component of the drug and the regulation of the neurotransmitters through the central nerves system to limit the addiction of the drug. Therefore, knowledge about the chemical and central nervous system cascade will help putting a variety of strategies to tackle the abuse of the drug and its reward pathways for addictive, dependent, and tolerant patients. Moreover knowledge of the symptoms, side effects, and the clinical pharmacology of the drug, will limit the risk factors of the drug. Unintentional abuse or misuse is also a major problem for Tramadol users.
- Adams, E., H., Breiner, S., Cicero, T., J., Inciardi, J., A., Schnoll, S., H., Senay, E., C., and Woody, G., E. (2006). ?A comparison of the abuse liability of tramadol, NSAIDs, and hydrocodone in patients with chronic pain.? TheJournal of Pain System Management. 2006 May; 31(5):465-76. Available at: http://paincenter.wustl.edu/c/basicresearch/documents/cicerojpain2006.pdf
- ?Drug Overdose in the United States: Fact Sheet.? (Updated Feb. 2014). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/overdose/facts.html
- Fauber, John. (Dec. 2013). ?Killing Pain: Tramadol the ?Safe? Drug of Abuse.? MedPage Today. Available at: http://www.medpagetoday.com/PainManagement/PainManagement/43554
- Fawzi, Marwa, M. (2011). ?Some medicolegal aspects concerning tramadol abuse: The new Middle East youth plague 2010. An Egyptian overview.?Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages 99-102, June 2011. Available at: http://www.ejfs.org/article/S2090-536X(11)00030-X/fulltext
- Green, Mark, W., and Muskin, Philip, R. (2013). The Neuropsychiatry of Headache. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. Print.
- ?History of the Drug.? (n.d.). Buy Cheapest Tramadol. Available at: http://www.buycheapesttramadol.org/intro.htm
- Hom, Elaine, J. (Nov. 2013). ?Tramadol: Dosage & Side Effects.? Live Science. Available at: http://www.livescience.com/41174-tramadol.html
- ?Important Drug Warning.? (May 2010). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/UCM213265.pdf
- Lee, John (Ed.). (Updated Sep. 2011). ?Ultram Addiction.? Choose Help. Available at: http://www.choosehelp.com/topics/addictions/ultram-addiction
- Martinez, Melissa. (n.d.). ?Reasons Why Tramadol Is Prescribed.? eHow. Available at: http://www.ehow.com/info_8197148_reasons-tramadol-prescribed.html
- ?Neuroanatomy and Physiology of the ?Brain Reward System? in Substance Abuse.? (n.d.). Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder. Available at: http://ibgwww.colorado.edu/cadd/a_drug/essays/essay4.htm
- Radbruch, Lukas, Glaeske, Gerd, Grond, Stefan, M?nchberg, Frank, Scherbaum, Norbert, Storz, Elisabeth, Tholen, Kathrin, Zagermann-Muncke, Petra, Zieglg?nsberger, Walter, Hoffmann-Menzel, Helmut, Greve, Hendrik, Cremer-Schaeffer, Peter. (July 2013). ?Topical Review on the Abuse and Misuse Potential of Tramadol and Tilidine in Germany.? Substance Abuse, Volume 34, Number 3, 1 July 2013, pp. 313-320(8). Available (Abstract) at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/wsub20/2013/00000034/00000003/art00013
- ?Review of Abuse Risk for Tramadol.? (2006-7). Canadian Pain Society. Available at: http://www.canadianpainsociety.ca/Tramadol/Tramadol_AbuseRisk_2006.pdf
- Skipper, Gregory, E., Fletcher, Carol, Rocha-Judd, Rosei, &Brase, David. (2004). ?Tramadol Abuse and Dependence Among Physicians.? JAMA, October 20, 2004 ? Vol 292, No. 15 (1818-1819). Available at: http://gregskippermd.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/7/5/74751/tramadol.jama.pdf
- ?The Consequences of Tramadol Addiction.? (Nov. 2013). Alternatives in Treatment. Available at: http://www.alternativesintreatment.com/blog-page-posts/substances/the-potential-and-consequeses-of-tramadol-addiction/
- ?The Physical, Mental, and Emotional Impact of Tramadol.? (Nov. 2013). Alternatives in Treatment. Available at: http://www.alternativesintreatment.com/blog-page-posts/substances/the-physicalmentalemotional-impact-of-tramadol/
- ?The Pros and Cons of Tramadol.? (n.d.). Tramadol Side Effects And Warnings. Available at: http://www.tramadolfacts.com/pros-and-cons-of-tramadol/
- ?The Tramadol Effect.? (Nov. 2013). Alternatives in Treatment. Available at: http://www.alternativesintreatment.com/blog-page-posts/substances/the-tramadol-effect/
- ?? (Oct. 2013). Medline Plus. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html#why
- ?Tramadol Abuse Signs, Symptoms and Addiction Treatment.? (n.d.). Coalition against Drug Abuse. Available at: http://drugabuse.com/library/tramadol-abuse/
- ?Tramadol Addiction.? (Jan. 2013). Drug Addiction Treatment. Available at: http://www.drugaddictiontreatment.com/types-of-addiction/prescription-drug-addiction/tramadol-addiction/
- ?? (Revised Jun. 2013). Drugs.com. Available at: http://www.drugs.com/pro/ultram.html
- ?Uses and Medical Applications of Tramadol.? (2012). Simple & Healthy Living in America. Available at: http://www.simplelivingamerica.org/uses-and-medical-applications-of-tramadol/
- Waters, Jo. (9 Apr. 2013). ?When the ?safe option? painkiller turns out to be lethal.? Mail Online. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2305936/Tramadol-When-safe-option-painkiller-turns-lethal.html
- Zabihi, Ebrahim, Hoseinzaadeh, Aateffeh, Emami, Maryam, Mardani, Mahdieh, Mahmoud, Baradaran, and Ali Akbar, Moghadamnia. (2011). ?Potential for Tramadol Abuse by Patients Visiting Pharmacies in Northern Iran.? Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 2011:5 11?15. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3411529/
[Saleh M Kh E A Alkhubaizi. (2019); TRAMADOL ABUSE. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 7 (Jan). 850-863] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com
Ministry of Health - Adan Hospital - Kuwait