10Apr 2019

IMPACT OF PRIOR WORK EXPERIENCE ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AND THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR IN CONTEXT OF PAKISTAN.

  • School of Management, Department of Marketing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo

  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

The present study aims to investigate the impact of prior work experience influence on the entrepreneurial intention in the context of Pakistan. Where 58% population lies in the age of 20-30 years, 45 % people hold master degree. 58% people have experience in private firms. The sample of 438, represents the population of Pakistan. Study used the partial least square structural equation modelling software (PLS-SEM) 3.2.7, and the techniques used involves PLS Algorithm, Bootstrapping, scales used witnessed by using Fornell- Larcker validity and most sensitive techniques heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlation. The study constructed the four hypothesis in light of recent literature along with the theoretical support. Moreover, study founded the positive relationship between prior work experiences, with entrepreneurial intention. In addition, components of the theory of planned behavior also played a significant role.

  1. Acs, Zoltan, J., & Szerb, L. (2007). Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Policy. Small Business Economics, 28 (2-3), 109?22.
  2. Ajzen l. (2005). Attitudes, Personality and Behavior. in Attitudes, Personality and Behavior (Pp. 1-191). Open University Press.
  3. Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50 (2), 179-211.
  4. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32 (4), 665?683.
  5. Alvi, M. (208, April 27). Pakistan?s literacy rate stands at 58pc. Retrieved from THE NEWS: https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/309542-pakistan-s-literacy-rate-stands-at-58pc
  6. Anuradha, B. (2018, January 4). Prior Startup Experience, Social Networks, and Transitional Entrepreneurship in Silicon Valley. Prior Startup Experience, Social Networks, and Transitional Entrepreneurship in Silicon Valley. Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad, India: Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad.
  7. Armitage, J. C., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40 (4), 471?499.
  8. Audretsch, David, B., Erik, E., Lehmann, & Susanne, W. (2005). University Spillovers and New Firm Location. Research Policy, 34(7), 1113?22.
  9. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
  10. Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes throughperceived self-efficacy. Psychol, 25 (5), 729-735.
  11. Baron, R. A. (2009). Effectual versus predictive logics in entrepreneurial decision making: differences between experts and novices Does experience in starting new ventures change the way entrepreneurs think? Perhaps, but for now, "Caution is essential". Journal of Business Venturing, 24(4), 310-315.
  12. Barringer, B. R., Jones, & F, F. N. (2005). A quantitative content analysis of the characteristics of rapid-growth firms and their founders. Journal of Business Venturing, 20 (5), 663?687.
  13. Basu, A., & Virick, M. (2008). Assessing entrepreneurial intentions amongst students. National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance (p. 79). In National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance.
  14. Becker, G. (1964). Human Capital Theory. Human Capital Theory. New York, Columbia, Columbia.
  15. Becker, G. S. (1975). Human Capital. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  16. Beeka, B., & Rimmington, M. (2011). Entrepreneurship as a career option for African youths. Journal of Development entrepreneurship, 16(1), 145-164.
  17. Bell, R. (2019). Predicting entrepreneurial intention across the university . Education + Training , 1-18.
  18. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas, the case of intension. Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 442-454.
  19. Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 (3), 443-449.
  20. Boyd, N., & Vozikis, G. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy onthe development of entrepreneurs. Entreprenership Theory and Practice, 18 (4), 63-77.
  21. Brenner, O., Pringle, C., & Greenhaus, J. (1991). Perceived fulfillment of organizational employment versus entrepreneurship:Work values and career intentions of business college graduates. Journal of Small Business Management, 29(3), 62?74.
  22. Buang, N. (2011). Entrepreneurship career paths of graduate entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Research Journal of Applied Business, 6(4), 282-289.
  23. Carr, J. C. (2007). Prior Family Business Exposure as Intergenerational Inflluence and Entrepreneurial Intent A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach. Journal of Business Research, 90, 1090-1098.
  24. Chaudhary, R. (2017). Demographic factors, personality and entrepreneurial inclination A study among Indian university students. Education+ Training, 59 (2), 171?187.
  25. Chen, C., Greene, P., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurialself-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal Business Venturing, 295-316.
  26. Chin, W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336.
  27. Chin, W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses inVinzi,V.E.,Chin,W.W.,Henseler,J and Wang, H (Eds). Berlin Heidelberg,: Springer,.
  28. Chlosta, S., Patzelt, H., Klein, S., & Dormann, C. (2012). Parental role models and the decision to become self-employed: The moderating effect of personality. Small Business Economics, 38(1), 121?138.
  29. Choo, S, & Wong, M. (2006). Entrepreneurial intention: Triggers and barriers to new venture creations in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 28 (2), 47.
  30. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology 94, 95?120.
  31. D?az-Garc?a, C., Gonz?lez-Moreno, ?., & S?ez-Mart?nez, F. J. (2015). Ecoinnovation: Insights from a literature review Innovation. Management, Policy and Practice, 14(1), 6-23.
  32. Dick, T. P., & Rallis, S. F. (1991, July). Factors and Influences on High School Student's Career Choices. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 22, 281?2 92.
  33. Dimov, D. (2010). Nascent entrepreneurs and venture emergence: opportunity confidence, human capital, and early planning. Journal of Management Studies, 47(6), 1123-1153.
  34. Dokko, G., Wilk, L., & Rothbard, P. (2009, January-February). Unpacking Prior Experience How Career History Affects Job Performance. Organization Science, 20(1), 51-68.
  35. Douglas, E., & Shepherd, D. (2000). Entrepreneurship as a utility maximizing response. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 231?251.
  36. Dreher, F. G., & Ryan, C. K. (2000, August). Prior Work Experience and Academic Achievement Among First-Year MBA Students. Research in Higher Education, 41(4), 505?525.
  37. Dyer J, H. (1992). The Entrepreneurial Experience: Confronting Career Dilemmas of the Start-Up Executive. San Francisco: Jossey?Bass.
  38. Dyer, G. (1994). Towards a Theory of Entrepreneurial Careers, Entrepreneurship. Theory & Practice, 19 (2), 7-21.
  39. Entrialgo, M., & lglesias, V. (2017). Are the intension to entreprenurship of Men and Women Shaped Differently? The Impact of Entreprenurial Role Model Exposure and Entreprenusrhip Education. Entreprenurship Research Journal, 1-14.
  40. Esfandiara, K., Tehranib, M., Prattc, S., & Altinayd, L. (2017). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94(2019), 172-182.
  41. Fatoki, O. (2014, May). The Entrepreneurial Intention of Undergraduate Students in South Africa The Influences of Entrepreneurship Education and Previous Work Experience. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(7), 294-299.
  42. Fornell, C., & Larcker, F. D. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50.
  43. Fragoso, R., Junior, W., & Ant?nio Xavier, A. (2019). Determinant factors of entrepreneurial intention among university students in Brazil and Portugal. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 1-25.
  44. Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2000). Structural Equation Modeling and Regression Guidelines for Research Practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(7), 1-77.
  45. Gielnik, M., Zacher, H., & and Wang, M. (2018). Age in the entrepreneurial process The role of future time perspective and prior entrepreneurial experience. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103 (10), 1067-1085.
  46. Glauser, M. (2016, May 5). Entrepreneur Europe. Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/275091
  47. Goetz, S., Fleming, D., & Rupasingha, A. (2012). The Economic impacts of self-employment. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics,, 44(3), 315?321.
  48. Gold, A., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. (2001). Knowledge Management: An Organizational Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185-214.
  49. Gomes, K. (2013, June Sunday). Past experiences help change the future. Past experiences help change the future. Srilanka: sundayobserver.
  50. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th ed. Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ.: Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ.
  51. Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414-433.
  52. Hinton, P. R., Brownlow, C., McMurray, I., & Cozens, B. (2004). SPSS Explained. : . East Sussex, England: Routledge Inc.
  53. Ismail, M., Khalid, S., Othman, M., Jusoff, K., Abdul Rahman, N., Mohammed, K., & Shekh, R. (2009). Entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian undergraduates. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 54-60.
  54. Ji, R. (2018, March 19). Why Young People Have an Advantage in Entreprenurship. Retrieved from Influencive: https://www.influencive.com/young-people-advantage-entreprenurship/
  55. Kautonen, T; Luoto, S; Tornikoski, E.T. (2011). Influence of work history on entrepreneurial intentions in prime age and third age a preliminary study. International Small Business Journal, 28(6), 583-601.
  56. Kautonen, Teemu, Luoto, Seppo, & Tornikoski, E. (2010). Influence of work history on entrepreneurial intentions in ?prime age? and ?third age?: A preliminary study. International Small Business Journal, 28(6), 583?601.
  57. Kickul, J., Wilson, F., Marlino, D., & Barbosa, S. (2008). Are mis-alignments of perceptions and self-efficacy causing gender gapsin entrepreneurial intention among our nation?s teens? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15 (2), 321?335.
  58. Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiantial learning Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice.
  59. Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intention. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21 (1), 47-57.
  60. LaMorte, & Wayne, W. (2018, August 29). sphweb. Retrieved from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu: http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/BehavioralChangeTheories3.html
  61. Lee, D., & Tsang, E. (2001). The effects of entrepreneurial personality, background and network activities on venture growth. Journal of Management Studies, 38 (4), 583?602.
  62. Liguori, E., Bendickson, J., & McDowell, W. (2017). Revisiting entrepreneurial intentions: a social cognitive career theory approach. Int Entrep Manag J , 4-12.
  63. Li??n, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,, 593-618.
  64. Lindh, I., & Thorgren, S. (2016). Entrepreneurship education: the role of local business. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 28(5-6), 313-336.
  65. Louren?o, F., Taylor, T., & Taylor, D. (2013). Integrating education for entrepreneurship in multiple faculties in ?half-the-time? to enhance graduate entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business & Enterprise Development, 20(3), 503 ?525.
  66. MacMillan, I. (1986). To really learn about entrepreneurship, let's study habitual entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(3), 241?243.
  67. Mari, M., Poggesi, S., & De Vita, L. (2016). Family embeddedness and business performance: evidences from women-owned firms. Management Decision, 54(2), 476?500.
  68. Mazzarol, T. V. (1999). Factors influencing small business start-ups. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 5 (2), 48-63.
  69. McDonald, R. (1996). Path analysis with composite variables. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 31(2), 239-270.
  70. McStay, D. (2008). An investigation of undergraduate student self-employment intention and the impact of entrepreneurship education and previous entrepreneurial experience.
  71. Miralles, F., Giones, F., & Riverola, C. (2015). Evaluating the impact of prior experience in entrepreneurial intention. Int Entrep Manag J , 1-23.
  72. Mwasalwiba, E. (2010). Entrepreneurship education: a review of its objectives, teaching methods, and impact indicators. Education + Training, 52(1), 20 ?47.
  73. Nguyen, C. (2018, April). Demographic factors, family background and prior self-employment on entrepreneurial intention - Vietnamese business students are different: why? Journal of Global Entreprenurship Research, 8(10), 1-17.
  74. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory.:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  75. Parker, S. (2004). The economics of self-employment and entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  76. Parker, S. C. (2018). The Economics of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  77. Peterman NE and Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education Influencing students? perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28 (2), 129-144.
  78. ac.uk. (2019). Jobs and Work Experience . Retrieved from Prospectus: https://www.prospects.ac.uk/jobs-and-work-experience/work-experience-and-internships
  79. Purba, R. (2019). Entrepreneurial Intention of Sari Mutiara Indonesia University Student In Medan. Journal of Accounting Auditing and Business, 2(1), 1-7.
  80. Rana, S. (2018, October 1). Core inflation jumps to four-year high at 8%. Retrieved from The Express Tribune: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1815905/2-pakistans-inflation-slows-5-12/
  81. Rynes, S. L., Orlitzky, M. O., & Bretz, R. D. (1997). Experienced hiring versus college recruiting: Practices and emerging trends. Personnel Psychology, 50 (2), 309-339.
  82. Scherer, R., Adams, J., & Wiebe, F. (1989). Developingentrepreneurial behaviors: A social learning theory perspective. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 2(3), 16?27.
  83. Seth, N., Tahir, S., Zafar, F., & Anas, M. (2017). Opportunities for SMEs under China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) An Exploratory Study. SME Observer, 7, 1-24.
  84. Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11 (4), 448-469.
  85. Shook, C., Priem, Richard, L., & McGee, J. (2003). Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3), 379?399.
  86. Shrauger, J., Sidney, & Schoeneman, T. J. (1979, May ). Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. Psychological Bulletin, 86 (3), 549-573.
  87. Siddiqui, S. (2018, November 30). Monetary policy: SBP hikes key interest rate by 150 basis points to 10%. Retrieved from The Exprees Tribune: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1857528/2-monetary-policy-sbp-hikes-key-interest-rate-150-basis-points-10/
  88. Song, L., & Winkler, C. (2014). China?s trans-regional entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 6(3), 202-222.
  89. Soon, N., Ahmad, A., & Ibrahim, N. (2019). Understanding the Motivation that Shapes Entrepreneurship Career Intention. Entrepreneurship - Development Tendencies and Empirical Approach, 291-308.
  90. Teo, T., Srivastava, S., & Jiang, L. (2008). Trust and electronic government success an empirical study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 25(3), 99-132.
  91. Tkachev, A., & Kolvereid, L. (1999). Self-employment intentions among Russian students. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 11 (3), 269-280.
  92. Tsai, K.H, Chang, H.C, & Peng, C. (2014). Extending the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention: a moderated mediation model. Int Entrep Manag J .
  93. Tuan, N., Ha, D., Thao, V., Anh, D., & Long, N. (2019). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions among youths in Vietnam. Children and Youth Services Review.
  94. Umrani, W., Kura, K., & Ahmed, U. (2018). Corporate entrepreneurship and business performance The moderating role of organizational culture in selected banks in Pakistan. PSU Research Review, 2(1), 59-80.
  95. Usman, B., & Yennita. (2019). Understanding the entrepreneurial intention among international students in Turkey. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(10), 1-21.
  96. Van Gelderen, M. B. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behavior. Career Development International, 13 (6), 538?559.
  97. Vinogradov, E., Kolvereid, L., & Timoshenko, K. (2013). Predicting entrepreneurial intentions when satisfactory employment opportunities are scarce. Education+Training, 719-737.
  98. W, W., Lu, W., & Millington, J. (2011). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention among College Students in China and USA. Journal of Global entrepreneurship research, 1(1), 35-44.
  99. Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 31 (3), 387?406.
  100. Zaidi, H. (2018, June 25). With economic expansion, Pakistan facing jobless growth. Retrieved from The Express Tribune: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1741689/2-economic-expansion-pakistan-facing-jobless-growth/
  101. Zapkau, F., Schwens, C., Steinmetz, H., & Kbst, R. (2014). Disentangling the effect of prior entreprenurial exposure on entreprenurial intension. Journal of Business Research, 1-15.
  102. Zellweger, T., Sieger, P., & Halter, F. (2011). Should I stay or should I go? Career choice intentions of students with family business background. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(5), 521-536.

[Li Wen Yuan, Sikandar Ali Qalati, Shuja Iqbal, Hamdaoui Hind, and Shaibu Ali. (2019); IMPACT OF PRIOR WORK EXPERIENCE ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AND THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR IN CONTEXT OF PAKISTAN. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 7 (Apr). 874-887] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com

Sikandar Ali Qalati
School of Management, Department of Marketing, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China.

DOI:

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/8900      
DOI URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/8900

Download Full Paper

Download PDF No. of Downloads: 34 | No. of Views: 132