27May 2019

AN EMERGENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ENTEROCOCCUS INFECTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT; AN OVERVIEW.

  • R Scientist-I Department of Microbiology,Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS) Gulbarga-585105, Karnataka, India.
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo

  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

Enterococci have emerged as a leading cause of nosocomial infections and now rank among the most common nosocomial pathogens isolated from the bloodstream, surgical sites, and urinary tract infections. E.faecalisaccounts for approximately 75% of all enterococcal infections, with E. faeciumaccounting for most of the rest. Enterococci have a remarkable ability to survive in an environment of heavy antibiotics. Indeed, it is resistance of organisms to multiple antimicrobial agents makes such feared opponents. Infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) have become a threat in nosocomial settings, with an increased incidence reported worldwide including India. The emergence of resistance to the most common anti enterococcal antibiotics has made the treatment of these infections a real challenge for clinicians. This review study providing the current and possible future therapeutic options for the management of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) E.faecalis.

  1. Stuart, C. H., Schwartz, S. A., Beeson, T. J., &Owatz, C. B. (2006). Enterococcus faecalis: its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment.?Journal of endodontics,?32(2), 93-98.
  2. Murray, I. A., & Shaw, W. V. (1997). O-Acetyltransferase for chloramphenicol and other natural products. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 41(1), 1.
  3. De Perio, M. A., Yarnold, P. R., Warren, J., &Noskin, G. A. (2006). Risk factors and outcomes associated with non?Enterococcus faecalis, non?Enterococcus faeciumenterococcal bacteremia. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 27(1), 28-33.
  4. Hodges, T. L., Zighelboim-Daum, S., Eliopoulos, G. M., Wennersten, C., &Moellering, R. C. (1992). Antimicrobial susceptibility changes in Enterococcus faecalis following various penicillin exposure regimens. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 36(1), 121-125.
  5. Dunny, G. M., Leonard, B. A., &Hedberg, P. J. (1995). Pheromone-inducible conjugation in Enterococcus faecalis: interbacterial and host-parasite chemical communication. Journal of bacteriology, 177(4), 871.
  6. Solheim, M., Aakra, A., Vebo, H., Snipen, L., &Nes, I. F. (2007). Transcriptional responses of Enterococcus faecalis V583 to bovine bile and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73(18), 5767-5774.
  7. Reffuveille, F., Leneveu, C., Chevalier, S., Auffray, Y., &Rinc?, A. (2011). Lipoproteins of Enterococcus faecalis: bioinformatic identification, expression analysis and relation to virulence. Microbiology, 157(11), 3001-3013.
  8. Bryan, E. M., Bae, T., Kleerebezem, M., &Dunny, G. M. (2000). Improved vectors for nisin-controlled expression in gram-positive bacteria. Plasmid, 44(2), 183-190.
  9. Mohanty, S., Jose, S., Singhal, R., Sood, S., Dhawan, B., Das, B. K., &Kapil, A. (2005). Species prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated in a tertiary care hospital of North India. Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 36(4), 962.
  10. Gales, A. C., Sader, H. S., Jones, R. N., & SENTRY Participants Group. (2002). Urinary tract infection trends in Latin American hospitals: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (1997?2000). Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, 44(3), 289-299.
  11. Richards, M. J., Edwards, J. R., Culver, D. H., Gaynes, R. P., & National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. (2000). Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 21(8), 510-515.
  12. Rich, R. L., Kreikemeyer, B., Owens, R. T., LaBrenz, S., Narayana, S. V., Weinstock, G. M., & Hook, M. (1999). Ace is a collagen-binding MSCRAMM from Enterococcus faecalis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(38), 26939-26945.
  13. Beltrami, E. M., Singer, D. A., Fish, L., Manning, K., Young, S., Banerjee, S. N. & Jarvis, W. R. (2000). Risk factors for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci among patients on a renal ward during a community hospital outbreak.?American journal of infection control,?28(4), 282-285.
  14. Landry, S. L., Kaiser, D. L., & Wenzel, R. P. (1989). Hospital stay and mortality attributed to nosocomial enterococcal bacteremia: a controlled study. American journal of infection control, 17(6), 323-329.
  15. Gu, L., Cao, B., Liu, Y., Guo, P., Song, S., Li, R., & Wang, C. (2009). A new Tn1546 type of VanB phenotype?vanA genotype vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates in mainland China. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, 63(1), 70-75.
  16. Papanicolaou, G. A., Meyers, B. R., Meyers, J., Mendelson, M. H., Lou, W., Emre, S. & Miller, C. (1996). Nosocomial Infections with Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in Liver Transplant Recipients: Risk Factors for Acquisition and Mortality. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 23(4), 760-766.
  17. Christie, C., Hammond, J., Reising, S., & Evans-Patterson, J. (1994). Clinical and molecular epidemiology of enterococcal bacteremia in a pediatric teaching hospital. The Journal of pediatrics, 125(3), 392-399.
  18. Chadwick, P. R., Oppenheim, B. A., Fox, A., Woodford, N., Morgenstern, G. R., &Scarffe, J. H. (1996). Epidemiology of an outbreak due to glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium on a leukaemia unit. Journal of Hospital Infection, 34(3), 171-182.
  19. McDonald, J. R., Olaison, L., Anderson, D. J., Hoen, B., Miro, J. M., Eykyn, S., & Pappas, P. A. (2005). Enterococcal endocarditis: 107 cases from the international collaboration on endocarditis merged database. The American journal of medicine, 118(7), 759-766.
  20. Chatterjee, I., Woods, M., Iredell, J. R., &Lipman, J. (2007). The implications of enterococci for the intensive care unit. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 9(1), 69.
  21. Sahu, N. P., &Kamra, D. N. (2002). Microbial eco-system of the gastro-intestinal tract of wild herbivorous animals. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 21(2), 207-230.
  22. Butaye, P., Devriese, L. A., &Haesebrouck, F. (2001). Differences in Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains Isolated from Farm and Pet Animals. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 45(5), 1374-1378.
  23. Bitsori, M., Maraki, S., Raissaki, M., Bakantaki, A., &Galanakis, E. (2005). Community-acquired enterococcal urinary tract infections. Pediatric Nephrology, 20(11), 1583-1586.
  24. Kak, V., & Chow, J. W. (2002). Acquired antibiotic resistances in enterococci. In The enterococci (pp. 355-383). American Society of Microbiology.
  25. Millichap, J., Ristow, T. A., Noskin, G. A., & Peterson, L. R. (1996). Selection of Enterococcus faecium strains with stable and unstable resistance to the streptogramin RP 59500 using stepwise in vitro exposure. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, 25(1), 15-20.
  26. Jureen, R., Top, J., Mohn, S. C., Harthug, S., Langeland, N., &Willems, R. J. (2003). Molecular characterization of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from hospitalized patients in Norway. Journal of clinical microbiology, 41(6), 2330-2336.
  27. Arias, C. A., Contreras, G. A., & Murray, B. E. (2010). Management of multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections. Clinical microbiology and infection, 16(6), 555-562.
  28. Ono, S., Muratani, T., & Matsumoto, T. (2005). Mechanisms of resistance to imipenem and ampicillin in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 49(7), 2954-2958.
  29. Wilson, W. R., Karchmer, A. W., Dajani, A. S., Taubert, K. A., Bayer, A., Kaye, D., &Durack, D. T. (1995). Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis due to streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms. Jama, 274(21), 1706-1713.
  30. Krikelis, V., Papaioannou, A., &Plageras, P. (2008). Antibiotic Resistance in Intestinal Commensal Bacteria Isolated from Faecal Samples from Pigs and Pig Farm Workers in Greece.
  31. Werner, G., Gfrorer, S., Fleige, C., Witte, W., &Klare, I. (2008). Tigecycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain isolated from a German intensive care unit patient. Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 61(5), 1182-1183.
  32. Fines, M., Perichon, B., Reynolds, P., Sahm, D. F., &Courvalin, P. (1999). VanE, a new type of acquired glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4405. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 43(9), 2161-2164.
  33. Rippere, K., Patel, R., Uhl, J. R., Piper, K. E., Steckelberg, J. M., Kline, B. C., &Yousten, A. A. (1998). DNA sequence resembling vanA and vanB in the vancomycin-resistant biopesticide Bacillus popilliae. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 178(2), 584-588.
  34. Arthur, M., Depardieu, F., Cabanie, L., Reynolds, P., &Courvalin, P. (1998). Requirement of the VanY and VanX d, d‐peptidases for glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Molecular microbiology, 30(4), 819-830.
  35. Satake, S., Clark, N., Rimland, D., Nolte, F. S., &Tenover, F. C. (1997). Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in fecal samples by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35(9), 2325-2330.
  36. Navarro, F., &Courvalin, P. (1994). Analysis of genes encoding D-alanine-D-alanine ligase-related enzymes in Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus flavescens. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 38(8), 1788-1793.

[Prabhurajeshwar C. (2019); AN EMERGENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ENTEROCOCCUS INFECTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT; AN OVERVIEW. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 7 (May). 1106-1113] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com

Dr Prabhurajeshwar C
Research Scientist - I

DOI:

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/9139      
DOI URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/9139

Download Full Paper

Download PDF No. of Downloads: 6 | No. of Views: 43