CERVICAL CANCER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Since cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in poor nations, efforts to prevent the illness using more modern methods and the HPV vaccine should be investigated. Most women in underdeveloped countries have advanced, frequently incurable cervical cancer, which has a very dismal prognosis. In contrast, early detection of cervical cancer is linked to great survival. A persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of the aberrant cell development in the cervix that leads to cervical cancer. About 70% of instances of cervical cancer are caused by HPV types 16 and 18, out of more than 100 different varieties. Additional contributing variables include immunosuppression, smoking, multiple sexual partners, early initiation of sexual activity, and long-term use of oral contraceptives. Symptoms, when present, include abnormal vaginal bleeding (e.g., post-coital or intermenstrual), pelvic pain, and unusual vaginal discharge. Advanced stages may cause weight loss, fatigue, or pain during urination. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of Pap smear tests, HPV DNA testing, and colposcopy, with biopsy serving as a confirmatory method.Prevention strategies focus on vaccination and screening. HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervix, are highly effective in preventing infection from high-risk HPV types. Routine Pap smears and HPV testing facilitate early detection and removal of precancerous lesions. Safe sexual practices and smoking cessation also reduce risk.Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. Early-stage cervical cancer can often be cured with surgical methods like hysterectomy or conization.