3D PRINTING IN DENTISTRY: FROM CURRENT APPLICATIONS TO FUTURE POTENTIAL

Advancements in 3D printing have transformed dentistry by enabling the precise fabrication of patient-specific prosthetics, scaffolds, and implants. However, conventional 3D printing materials are limited by their static properties, restricting their adaptability to dynamic oral environments. The emergence of 4D printing, incorporating time as an additional dimension, allows the use of smart materials capable of responding to specific stimuli. This technology shows promise in tissue reconstruction, endodontics, dental implants, and prosthetic devices by improving adaptability, reducing fracture risk, and enhancing tissue integration.Innovations such as shape memory elastomers, hydroxyapatite reinforced polymers,and surface modified metals enhance mechanical strength,bioactivity,and antibacterial properties. Despite the potential of metal 3D printing, its high cost and technical complexity limit its widespread application.Ongoing research focuses on optimizing biomaterial selection, printing techniques, and digital workflows to maximize clinical outcomes in regenerative and restorative dentistry.