PHOTOBIOMODULATION IN DENTISTRY: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser therapy, is a non-invasive therapeutic approach increasingly utilized in dentistry for pain reduction,inflammation control,and tissue healing.Recent advancements in laser technology have broadened its applications across multiple dental specialties,including periodontics, orthodontics, implantology, and oral surgery, with high patient acceptance due to its non-invasive nature.This review synthesizes current evidence on the biological mechanisms and clinical applications of PBM in dental practice.A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine the cellular and molecular effects of PBM,alongside its clinical outcomes in pain management,bone healing,soft tissue regeneration,and tooth sensitivity management. Findings indicate that PBM effectively alleviates postoperative and procedural pain, modulates inflammatory responses, and promotes wound healing,thereby enhancing patient comfort.At the cellular level,these effects are mediated by mitochondrial activation,increased adenosine triphosphate production, and regulation of inflammatory mediators. PBM also supports bone regeneration and osseointegration by stimulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and the activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors involved in osteogenesis.Despite its demonstrated clinical benefits,the absence of standardized treatment protocols limits widespread routine implementation.Future well designed clinical studies are necessary to optimize PBM parameters and confirm its long term efficacy in dental practice.Overall, photobiomodulation represents a promising adjunctive therapy that complements conventional dental treatments and contributes to improved patient outcomes.