COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF COMPLICATIONS IN DENTAL IMPLANT THERAPY

The global rise in life expectancy and the expanding geriatric population have markedly increased the prevalence of partial and complete edentulism, thereby elevating the demand for implant-supported rehabilitation. Advances in implant design, biomaterials, and minimally invasive surgical techniques have significantly enhanced the predictability and long-term survival of dental implants. Successful outcomes depend largely on accurate three-dimensional positioning, ideal angulation, and the maintenance of stable peri-implant hard and soft tissues. However, despite high survival rates, implant therapy is not devoid of complications.Biological complications such as peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, and progressive marginal bone loss can jeopardize peri-implant tissue health and long-term stability. Mechanical and esthetic complications, including improper implant positioning, biomechanical overload, screw loosening, prosthetic fracture, and inadequate keratinized tissue, may further compromise function and appearance. The close relationship between periodontal health and peri-implant tissue stability highlights the importance of a comprehensive periodontal approach. Careful diagnosis, prosthetically driven planning, precise surgical execution, and structured maintenance protocols are essential to prevent and manage complications effectively,thereby ensuring long-term functional and biological success.