21Jun 2017

REVIEW: SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY MENACING TO BABY.

  • Former M.Sc Student, Department of Zoology, MDU Rohtak, Haryana, India.
  • Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Hindu Girls College, Sonepat, Haryana, India.
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo

  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

Smoking during pregnancy can lead to a plethora of health risks to both the mother and the foetus. A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriage among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus. Moderate-to-heavy maternal smoking is responsible for an average reduction in body weight of in infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy has also been implicated in neurological as well as maturational modifications observed in infants born to smoking mothers. Metabolites of cigarette smoke cross the placenta, passing from mother to foetus, and act as vasoconstrictors that reduce uterine blood flow. Maternal smoking, therefore, places the foetus under chronic hypoxic stress, and hence contributes to restriction in weight gain, reduced length and many more diseases and defects. Babies whose mothers smoke during pregnancy are at higher risk of SIDS, having weaker lungs and having a low birth weight. Low birth weight babies are at greater risk of death and are more vulnerable to infection, breathing difficulties and long-term health problems in adulthood. Passive smoking can also affect a pregnant woman and her child. The more cigarettes smoked during pregnancy, the greater the risk of complications and low birth weight.

  1. Ananth C.V., Savitz D.A., Luther E.R. Maternal cigarette smoking as a risk factor for placental abruption, placenta previa, and uteine bleeding in pregnancy.?Am. J. Epidemiol.?1996;144:881?889.
  2. Nelson EA, Taylor BJ. International Child Care Practices Study infant sleep position and parental smoking.Early Hum. Dev.?2001;64:7?20.
  3. Owen L, Penn G. Smoking and pregnancy.A survey of knowledge attitudes and behaviour Health Development Agency London.
  4. Higgins S.T., Washio Y., Heil S.H., Solomon L.J., Gaalema D.E., Higgins T.M., Bernstein I.M. Financial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant and newly postpartum women.?Prev. Med.?2011;55:S33?S40.
  5. Bickerstaff M., Beckmann M., Gibbons K., Flenady V. Recent cessation of smoking and its effect on pregnancy outcomes.?Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol.?2012;52:54?58.
  6. El-Mohandes A.A., El-Khorazaty M.N., Kiely M., Gantz M.G. Smoking cessation and relapse among pregnant African-American smokers in Washington, DC.?Matern. Child Health J.?2011;15:S96?S105.
  7. Dudenhausen J.W.?Rauchen in der Schwangerschaft?H?ufigkeit.?Urban und Vogel; Munich, Germany: 2009. (in German)
  8. Knut-Olaf H., Groneberg D.?Tabakabh?ngigkeit?Gesundheitliche Sch?den durch das Rauchen.?Springer Verlag; Berlin, Germany: 2008. (in German)
  9. Th?le V., Schlitt A. Effects of alcohol and smoking in pregnancy.?Internist.?2011;52:1185?1190.
  10. Simmons V.N., Cruz L.M., Brandon T.H., Quinn G.P. Translation and adaptation of smoking relapse-prevention materials for pregnant and postpartum Hispanic women.?J. Health Commun.?2011;16:90?107.
  11. Gupta P. Smokeless tobacco use in India.Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective., Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health.? pp. 19?25.
  12. Gupta P. Socio-demographic characteristics of tobacco use among 99,598 individuals in Bombay, India using hand-held computers. Control.?1996;5:114?120.
  13. Socialstyrelsen, Tobacco habits in Sweden.Swedish Medical Board.?2006
  14. Idris AM, Ibrahim SO, Vasstrand EN, Johannessen AC, Lillehaug JR, Magnusson B, Wallstrom M, Hirsch JM, Nilsen R. The Swedish snus and the Sudanese toombak: are they different?Oral Oncol.?1998;34:558?66.
  15. NSDUH Report.?Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administrations (SAMSA)?US Department of Health and Human Services; 2005. Substance use during pregnancy: 2002 and 2003.
  16. Arria A, Derauf C, Lagasse L, et al. Methamphetamine and other substance use during pregnancy: preliminary estimates from the infant development, environment, and lifestyle (IDEAL) study.?Matern Child Health J.?2006;10:293?302.
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of selected maternal behaviors and experiences, pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system.?MMWR.?2002;51(SS2)
  18. Ahluwawalia I.B., Grummer-Strawn L., Scanlon K.S. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and birth outcome: Increased effects on pregnant women aged 30 years and older.?Am. J. Epidemiol.?1997;146:42?47.
  19. Ananth C.V., Savitz D.A., Luther E.R. Maternal cigarette smoking as a risk factor for placental abruption, placenta previa, and uteine bleeding in pregnancy.?Am. J. Epidemiol.?1996;144:881?889.
  20. Cnattingius S., Axelsson O., Eklund G., Lindmark G. Smoking, maternal age, and fetal growth.?Obstet. Gynecol.?1985;66:449?452.
  21. Wang X., Tager I.B., Van Vunakis H., Speizer F.E., Hanrahan J.P. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, urine cotinine concentrations, and birth outcomes. A prospective cohort study.?Int. J. Epidemiol.?1997;26:978?988.
  22. Abel EL. Smoking and pregnancy. Psychoactive Drugs.?1984;16:327?38.
  23. Butler NR, Goldstein H, Ross EM. Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: its influence on birth weight and perinatal mortality. Med. J.?1972;2:127?30.
  24. Kleinman JC, Pierre MB Jr, Madans JH, Land GH, Schramm WF. The effects of maternal smoking on fetal and infant mortality.? J. Epidemiol.?1988;127:274?82.
  25. Habek D, Habek JC, Ivanisevic M, Djelmis J. Fetal tobacco syndrome and perinatal outcome.Fetal Diagn. Ther.?2002;17:367?71.
  26. Thorngren-Jerneck K, Herbst A. Low 5-minute Apgar score a population-based register study of 1 million term births.?Obstet. Gynecol.?2001;98:65?70.
  27. Bauman KE, Flewelling RL, LaPrelle J. Parental cigarette smoking and cognitive performance of children.?Health Psychol.?1991;10:282?8.
  28. Fried PA, O'Connell CM, Watkinson B. 60- and 72-month follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes and alcohol cognitive and language assessment.? Dev. Behav. Pediatr.?1992;13:383?91.
  29. Wasserman RC, Kelleher KJ, Bocian A, Baker A, Childs GE, Indacochea F, Stulp C, Gardner WP. Identification of attentional and hyperactivity problems in primary care: a report from pediatric research in office settings and the ambulatory sentinel practice network.?Pediatrics.?1999;103:E38.
  30. Weissman MM, Warner V, Wickramaratne PJ, Kandel DB. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychopathology in offspring followed to adulthood.?J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry.?1999;38:892?9.
  31. Milerad J, Sundell H. Nicotine exposure and the risk of SIDS.Acta Paediatr. Suppl.?1993;82(Suppl. 389):70?2.
  32. Allina J., Grabowski J., Doherty-Lyons S., Fiel M.I., Jackson C.E., Zelikoff J.T., Odin J.A. Maternal allergy acts synergistically with cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy to induce hepatic fibrosis in adult male offspring.?J. Immunotoxicol.?2011;8:258?264.
  33. Chehab G., El-Rassi I., Adhami A., Chokor I., Chatila F., Haddad W., Saliba Z. Parental smoking during early pregnancy and congenital heart defects.?J. Med. Liban.?2012;60:14?18.
  34. Dempsey DA, Benowitz NL. Risks and benefits of nicotine to aid smoking cessation in pregnancy.?Drug Saf.?2001;24:277?322.
  35. Marie D. Corneliusand?Nancy L. Day. Developmental consequences of prenatal tobacco exposure Curr Opin Neurol. 2009 Apr; 22(2): 121?125
  36. Dittrich R., Schibel A., Hoffmann I., Mueller A., Beckmann M.W., Cupisti S. Influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on oxidant status in amniotic fluid.?In Vivo.?2012;26:813?818.
  37. Chelchowska M., Ambroszkiewicz J., Gajewska J., Laskowska-Klita T., Leibschang J. The effect of tobacco smoking during pregnancy on plasma oxidant and antioxidant status in mother and newborn.?Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol.?2011;155:132?136.
  38. Sahinli A.S., Marakoğlu K., Kiyici A. Evaluation of the levels of oxidative stress factors and ischemia modified albumin in the cord blood of smoker and non-smoker pregnant women.?J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med.?2012;25:1064?1068.
  39. Prins J.R., Hylkema M.N., Erwich J.J., Huitema S., Dekkema G.J., Dijkstra F.E., Faas M.M., Melgert B.N. Smoking during pregnancy influences the maternal immune response in mice and humans.?Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.?2012;207:76.e1?76.e14.
  40. Tyrrell J., Huikari V., Christie J.T., Cavadino A., Bakker R., Brion M.J., Geller F., Paternoster L., Myhre R., Potter C., et al. Genetic variation in the 15q25 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4) interacts with maternal self-reported smoking status during pregnancy to influence birth weight.?Hum. Mol. Genet.?2012;21:5344?5358.
  41. Joubert B.R., H?berg S.E., Nilsen R.M., Wang X., Vollset S.E., Murphy S.K., Huang Z., Hoyo C., Midttun ?., Cupul-Uicab L.A., et al. 450K Epigenome-Wide Scan Identifies Differential DNA Methylation in Newborns Related to Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy.?Environ. Health Perspect.?2012;120:1425?1431.
  42. Idris AM, Ibrahim SO, Vasstrand EN, Johannessen AC, Lillehaug JR, Magnusson B, Wallstrom M, Hirsch JM, Nilsen R. The Swedish snus and the Sudanese toombak: are they different?Oral Oncol.?1998;34:558?66.
  43. Matijasevich A., Brion M.J., Menezes A.M., Barros A.J., Santos I.S., Barros F.C. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring growth in childhood: 1993 and 2004 Pelotas cohort studies.?Arch. Dis. Child.?2011;96:519?525.
  44. Mamun A.A., O?Callaghan M.J., Williams G.M., Najman J.M. Maternal smoking during pregnancy predicts adult offspring cardiovascular risk factors - evidence from a community-based large birth cohort study.?PLoS One.?2012;7:e41106.
  45. Raum E., K?pper-Nybelen J., Lamerz A., Hebebrand J., Herpertz-Dahlmann B., Brenner H. Tobacco smoke exposure before, during, and after pregnancy and risk of overweight at age 6.?Obesity.?2011;19:2411?2417.
  46. Durmus B., Kruithof C.J., Gillman M.H., Willemsen S.P., Hofman A., Raat H., Eilers P.H., Steegers E.A., Jaddoe V.W. Parental smoking during pregnancy, early growth, and risk of obesity in preschool children: The Generation R Study.?Am. J. Clin. Nutr.?2011;94:164?171.

[Archana Joon and Rekha Jalandra. (2017); REVIEW: SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY MENACING TO BABY. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 5 (Jun). 1288-1293] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com

Archana Joon
Former M.Sc Student, Department of Zoology, MDU Rohtak,Haryana, India

DOI:

Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/4538      
DOI URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/4538

Download Full Paper

Download PDF No. of Downloads: 8 | No. of Views: 87