CHARACTER RECOGNITION BASED ON SKELETONIZATION: A SURVEY.
- Department of E&TC, SGGSIE & T, Nanded.
- Abstract
- Keywords
- References
- Cite This Article as
- Corresponding Author
In machine learning and pattern recognition the development of character recognition is an interesting area since 1970. There have been significant improvements in the research related to the recognition of printed as well as handwritten characters. Skeletonization is a crucial step in many digital image processing applications like palm recognition, medical imaging, fingerprint classification, etc. In the character recognition generally steps to be followed are preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and post-processing. There have been a number of methods and algorithm based on the skeletonization techniques is present in every step of character recognition process which is used to measure the parameters such as a number of connected components, skeletonization, thinning rate, and execution time, performance evaluation, etc. In this paper, different skeletonization algorithm for print as well as handwritten text in each step of character recognition is summarized and surveyed which algorithm is the best choice for the particular application and in future how this will be useful for the Devanagari character and digits recognition is best described in the paper.
- Jayadevan, R.et al. "Offline recognition of Devanagari script: A survey."IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 41.6 (2011): 782-796.
- Rakesh, Gupta, and Kaur Rajpreet, ?Skeletonization Algorithm for Numeral Patterns?, International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 1.1 (2008): 63-72.
- Pal and B. B. Chaudhuri, ?Indian script character recognition: A Survey?, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 37, pp. 1887-1899, 2004.
- Liu and C. Y. Suen, ?A new benchmark on the recognition of handwritten Bangla and Farsi numeral characters?, In Proc. 11th ICFHR, 2008.
- Shivangkumar R Patel, Ms. Jasmine Jha, ?Handwritten Character Recognition using Machine Learning Approach - A Survey?, (EESCO) ? 2015 IEEE.
- Abu-Ain, Waleed, et al. ?Skeletonization Algorithm for Binary Images.? Procedia Technology 11(2013):704-709.
- Bag, Soumen, and Gaurav Harit. "Topographic Feature Extraction for Bengali and Hindi Character Images." arXiv preprint arXiv:1107.2723 (2011).
- Wei, C., S. Lichun, et al., Improved Zhang-Suen thinning algorithm in binary line drawing applications. Systems and Informatics (ICSAI), 2012 International Conference on, 2012.
- Bag, Soumen, and Gaurav Harit. "An improved contour-based thinning method for character images." Pattern Recognition Letters 32.14 (2011): 1836-1842.
- Gopakumar, R.., Subbareddy, N.V., Makkithaya, K, Acharya, U. D., Script Identification from Multilingual Indian Documents using Structural Features. Journal of Computing, 2010: 2: 106-111. 709.
- Ali, M. A., An efficient thinning algorithm for Arabic ocr Signal & Image Processing-An International Journal (SIPIJ), 2012: 3: 31-38.
- Abu-Ain, T. A. H., W. A. H. Abu-Ain, et al., Offline Arabic Character-Based Writer Identification ? a Survey, in International Journal of Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Proceeding of the International Conference on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology Bangi, Malaysia, 2011.
- Bataineh, B., Abdullah, S. N. H. S., Omar, K., An adaptive local binarization method for document images based on a novel thresholding method and dynamic windows. Pattern Recognition Letters, 2011: 32: 1805-1813.
- Nemeth, G., K. Palagyi., Topology preserving parallel thinning algorithm. International Journal of Imaging System and Technology, 2011: 21: 37-44.
- LACRĂMA, DANL, and Florin Alexa. "Improved structuring element for handwriting and hand printed characters skeleton." transformation (especially scale) 3 (2010): 8.
- Huang, Yea-Shaun. The combination of multiple classifiers for the recognition of totally unconstrained handwritten numerals. Diss. Concordia University, 1994.
- V.Vijaya Kumar, A.Srikrishna, Sadiq Ali Shaik, S. Trinath, A New Skeletonization Method Based on Connected Component Approach, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.8 No.2, February 2008.
- Meghwal, Ashwani Kumar, et al. "A simple and efficient non-pixel based skeletonization method using direction model." (2006): 526-532.
- Kannan, R. Jagadeesh, and R. Prabhakar. "A comparative study of optical character recognition for Tamil script." European Journal of Scientific Research 35.4 (2009): 570-582.
- Mori, Shunji, Ching Y. Suen, and Kazuhiko Yamamoto. "Historical review of OCR research and development." Proceedings of the IEEE 80.7 (1992): 1029-1058.
- Arora, Sandhya, et al. "Combining multiple feature extraction techniques for handwritten devnagari character recognition."Industrial and Information Systems, 2008. ICIIS 2008. IEEE Region 10 and the Third International Conference on. IEEE, 2008.
- Khanduja, Deepti, and Neeta Nain. "Script independent feature set for handwritten text recognition." Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 2014 37th International Convention on. IEEE, 2014.
- Lam, S.W. Lee and C.Y. Suen. ?Thinning Methodologies -A comprehensive survey.? IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol.14, pp.869-885, 1992.
- Fujita, Kazuhisa. ?Extract an essential skeleton of a character as a graph from a character image.? arXiv preprint arXiv: 1506.05068(2015).
- Saeed, K., Tabedzki, M., Rybnik, M., Adamski, M., K3M: A universal algorithm for image skeletonization and a review of thinning techniques. Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, 2010: 20, 317-335.
- Rajashekararadhya, S. V., and P. Vanaja Ranjan. "Efficient zone-based feature extraction algorithm for handwritten numeral recognition of four popular South Indian scripts." Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology 4.12 (2008).
- Ali, M., and Kasmiran Bin Jumari. "Skeletonization Algorithm for an Arabic handwriting." WSEAS Transactions on Computers 2.3 (2003): 662-667.
- You, Xinge, and Yuan Yan Tang. "Wavelet-based approach to character skeleton." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 16.5 (2007): 1220-1231.
- Zou, Ju Jia, and Hong Yan. ?Skeletonization of ribbon-like shapes based on regularity and singularity analyses.? IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B(Cybernetics) 31.3(2001): 401-407.
- Lee, Seong-Whan, Louisa Lam, and Ching Y. Suen. "A systematic evaluation of skeletonization algorithms." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 7.05 (1993): 1203-1225.
- Lam, S.W. Lee and C.Y. Suen. ?Thinning Methodologies -A comprehensive survey.? IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol.14, pp.869-885, 1992.
- Goswami, Mukesh M., and Suman K. Mitra. "Offline handwritten Gujarati numeral recognition using low-level strokes." International Journal of Applied Pattern Recognition 2.4 (2015): 353-379.
- Datta, Amitava, and Swapan K. Parui. "A robust parallel thinning algorithm for binary images." Pattern Recognition9 (1994): 1181-1192.
- Di Ruberto, Cecilia. ?Recognition of shapes by attributed skeletal graphs.? Pattern Recognition 37.1(2004): 21-31.
- Zou, Ju Jia, and Hong Yan. ?Skeletonization of ribbon-like shapes based on regularity and singularity analyses.? IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B(Cybernetics) 31.3(2001): 401-407.
- Kong, T. Yung, and Azriel Rosenfeld, eds. Topological algorithms for digital image processing. Vol. 19. Elsevier, 1996.
- Jang, B-K., and Roland T. Chin. "Analysis of thinning algorithms using mathematical morphology." IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 12.6 (1990): 541-551.
- Zhu, Xuefang, and Shuyi Zhang. "A shape-adaptive thinning method for binary images." Cyberworlds, 2008 International Conference on. IEEE, 2008.
- Russ, John C. The image processing handbook. CRC Press, 2016.
- Abu-Ain, Waleed, Siti Norul Huda Sheikh Abdullah, and Khairuddin Omar. "a simple iterative thinning algorithm for text and shape binary images." Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology 63.2 (2014).
- Cohen-Steiner, David, Pierre Alliez, and Mathieu Desbrun. "Variational shape approximation." ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG). Vol. 23. No. 3. ACM, 2004.
- Bansal, Preeti, and Balwinder Kaur. "To propose an improvement in Zhang-Suen Algorithm for Image Thinning in DIP." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security 14.5 (2016): 205.
- Fouladi, Kazim, Babak N. Araabi, and Ehsanollah Kabir. "A fast and accurate contour-based method for writer-dependent offline handwritten Farsi/Arabic subwords recognition." International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR) 17.2 (2014): 181-203.
- Khawaja, Attaullah, et al. "Recognition of printed Chinese characters by using Neural Network." Multitopic Conference, 2006. INMIC'06. IEEE. IEEE, 2006.
- Rosser, Roy J., et al. "Image insertion in video streams using a combination of physical sensors and pattern recognition." U.S. Patent No. 6,100,925. 8 Aug. 2000.
- Reed, Todd R., and JM Hans Dubuf. "A review of recent texture segmentation and feature extraction techniques." CVGIP: Image Understanding3 (1993): 359-372.
- Liu, Cheng-Lin, and Xiang-Dong Zhou. "Online Japanese character recognition using trajectory-based normalization and direction feature extraction." Tenth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. Suvisoft, 2006.
- Lang, Andrew K., and Donald M. Kosak. "Information system and method for filtering a massive flow of information entities to meet user information classification needs." U.S. Patent No. 5,867,799. 2 Feb. 1999.
- Pesaresi, Martino, Vasileios Syrris, and Andreea Julea. "A new method for earth observation data analytics based on symbolic machine learning." Remote Sensing 8.5 (2016): 399.
- Lorigo, Liana M., and Venugopal Govindaraju. "Offline Arabic Handwriting recognition: a survey." IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 28.5 (2006): 712-724.
- Guo, Hai, and Jing-ying "Segmentation method for Naxi pictograph character recognition." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 5.6 (2010): 87-98.
- Liu, Cheng-Lin, and Yue Lu, eds. Advances in Chinese Document and Text Processing. Vol. 2. World Scientific, 2017.
- Arora, Sandhya, et al. "Performance comparison of SVM and ANN for handwritten devnagari character recognition." arXiv preprint arXiv:1006.5902 (2010).
- Trier, ?ivind Due, Anil K. Jain, and Torfinn Taxt. "Feature extraction methods for character recognition-a survey." Pattern recognition4 (1996): 641-662.
- Chacko, Anitha Mary MO, and KS Anil Kumar. "Offline Malayalam Character Recognition: A Comparative Study Using Multiple Classifier Combination Techniques." Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications. Springer India, 2016. 69-77.
- Keysers, Daniel, et al. "Multi-language online handwriting recognition." IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 39.6 (2017): 1180-1194.
- Liu, Cheng-Lin, and Hiromichi Fujisawa. "Classification and learning methods for character recognition: Advances and remaining problems." Machine learning in document analysis and recognition. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. 139-161.
- Arica, Nafiz, and Fatos T. Yarman-Vural. "An overview of character recognition focused on off-line handwriting." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 31.2 (2001): 216-233.
- Arora, Sandhya, et al. ?study of different features on handeritten Devnagari?2009 Second International conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology, IEEE, 2009.
- Selvakumar Raja, S., and Mala John. "A Novel Method of Tamil Character Recognition Using Slope Method." IUP Journal of Science & Technology 6.2 (2010).
- Jayaraman, Anitha, C. Chandra Sekhar, and V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy. "Modular approach to recognition of strokes in Telugu script." Document Analysis and Recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007. Ninth International Conference on. Vol. 1. IEEE, 2007.
- Kunte, R. Sanjeev, and R. D. Samuel. "A simple and efficient optical character recognition system for basic symbols in printed Kannada text." Sadhana 32.5 (2007).
- Jangid, Mahesh, and Sumit Srivastava. "Gradient Local Auto-Correlation for handwritten Devanagari character recognition." High Performance Computing and Applications (ICHPCA), 2014 International Conference on. IEEE, 2014.
- Sherman, H., et al. "A figure of merit for catheter sampling systems." Circulation research3 (1959): 303-313.
- Deutsch, E. S. "Preprocessing for character recognition." Proceedings of the IEE?NPL Conference on Pattern Recognition. 1968.
- Alcorn, T. M., and C. W. Hoggar. "Preprocessing of data for character recognition." Marconi Review 32 (1969): 61-81.
- Triendl, Ernst E. "Skeletonization of noisy handdrawn symbols using parallel operations." Pattern Recognition 2.3 (1970): 215-226.
- Beun, M. "FLEXIBLE METHOD FOR AUTOMATIC READING OF HANDWRITTEN NUMERALS. 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RECOGNITION METHOD." Philips Technical Review 33.4 (1973): 89-101.
- Tamura, Hideyuki, Shunji Mori, and Takashi Yamawaki. "Textural features corresponding to visual perception." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 8.6 (1978): 460-473.
- Suen, Ching Y., Marc Berthod, and Shunji "Automatic recognition of handprinted characters?the state of the art." Proceedings of the IEEE 68.4 (1980): 469-487.
- Ogawa, Hideo, and Keiji Taniguchi. "Thinning and stroke segmentation for handwritten Chinese character recognition." Pattern recognition4 (1982): 299-308.
- Smith, Raymond W. "Computer processing of line images: A survey." Pattern recognition1 (1987): 7-15.
- Lam, Louisa, and Ching Y. Suen. "Structural classification and relaxation matching of totally unconstrained handwritten zip-code" Pattern recognition 21.1 (1988): 19-31.
- Abdulla, Waleed Habib, Aladdin OM Saleh, and A. H. Morad. "A preprocessing algorithm for hand-written character recognition." Pattern Recognition Letters 7.1 (1988): 13-18.
- Lam, Louisa, Seong-Whan Lee, and Ching Y. Suen. "Thinning methodologies-a comprehensive survey." IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 14.9 (1992): 869-885.
- Rahier, Michel C., and Paul G. A. Jespers. "Dedicated LSI for a microprocessor-controlled hand-carried OCR System." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 15.1 (1980): 15-24.
- Rieck, G. W., and K. Kratzheller. "Zytologie des desquamierenden Vaginalepithels der H?ndin undihre Anwendung f?r die Zyklusdiagnostik." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2.1 (1955): 82-101.
- Kirsch, Russell A., et al. "Experiments in processing pictorial information with a digital computer." Papers and discussions presented at the December 9-13, 1957, eastern joint computer conference: Computers with deadlines to meet. ACM, 1957.
- O'Gorman, Lawrence, and Rangachar Kasturi. Document image analysis. Vol. 39. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995.
- Ahmed, Maher, and Rabab Ward. "A rotation invariant rule-based thinning algorithm for character recognition." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 24.12 (2002): 1672-1678.
- Ahmed, Maher, and Rabab Ward. "A rotation invariant rule-based thinning algorithm for character recognition." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 24.12 (2002): 1672-1678.
- Favata, John T., and Geetha Srikantan. "A multiple feature/resolution approach to the handprinted digit and character recognition." International journal of imaging systems and technology 7.4 (1996): 304-311.
- Khorsheed, Mohammad S. "Off-line Arabic character recognition?a review." Pattern analysis & applications 5.1 (2002): 31-45.
- Shaw, Bikash, Ujjwal Bhattacharya, and Swapan K. Parui. "Combination of features for efficient recognition of offline handwritten Devanagari words." Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR), 2014 14th International Conference on. IEEE, 2014.
- O'Gorman, Lawrence, and Rangachar Kasturi. Document image analysis. Vol. 39. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995.
- Liou, Cheng-Yuan, and Hsin-Chang Yang. ?Handprinted character recognition based on spatial topology distance measurement.? IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 18.9 (1996): 941-945.
- Sharma, Nabin, et al. "Recognition of off-line handwritten devnagari characters using quadratic classifier." Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 805-816.
- Pal, Umapada, et al. "Handwritten numeral recognition of six popular Indian scripts." Document Analysis and Recognition, 2007. ICDAR 2007. Ninth International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2007.
- Bhattacharya, Ujjwal, and Bidyut Baran Chaudhuri. "Handwritten numeral databases of Indian scripts and multistage recognition of mixed numerals." IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence 31.3 (2009): 444-457.
- Patra, Prashant Kumar, et al. "Probabilistic neural network for pattern classification." Neural Networks, 2002. IJCNN'02. Proceedings of the 2002 International Joint Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2002.
- Patil, S. Basavaraj, and N. V. Subbareddy. "Neural network based system for script identification in Indian documents." Sadhana 27.1 (2002): 83-97.
- Liou, Cheng-Yuan, and Hsin-Chang Yang. "Handprinted character recognition based on spatial topology distance measurement." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 18.9 (1996): 941-945.
- Nawaz, Syed Nazim, et al. "An approach to offline Arabic character recognition using neural networks." Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2003. ICECS 2003. Proceedings of the 2003 10th IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 3. IEEE, 2003.
- Liou, Cheng-Yuan, and Hsin-Chang Yang. "Handprinted character recognition based on spatial topology distance measurement." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 18.9 (1996): 941-945.
- Arora, Sandhya, et al. "Combining multiple feature extraction techniques for handwritten devnagari character recognition." Industrial and Information Systems, 2008. ICIIS 2008. IEEE Region 10 and the Third international Conference on. IEEE, 2008.
- Rajashekararadhya, S. V., and P. Vanaja Ranjan. "Efficient zone based feature extration algorithm for handwritten numeral recognition of four popular south Indian scripts." Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology 4.12 (2008).
- Sharma, Divya. Recognition of Handwritten Devanagari Script Using Soft Computing. Diss. THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA, 2009.
- Jain, Anil K., M. Narasimha Murty, and Patrick J. Flynn. "Data clustering: a review." ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 31.3 (1999): 264-323.
- Battiato, Sebastiano, et al. "An efficient algorithm for the approximate median selection problem." Algorithms and complexity (2000): 226-238.
- Uchida, Seiichi, and Hiroaki Sakoe. "A survey of elastic matching techniques for handwritten character recognition." IEICE transactions on information and systems 88.8 (2005): 1781-1790.
- Mohamad, Muhammad?Arif, et al. "A review on feature extraction and feature selection for handwritten character recognition." International Journal of Advanced Computer Science & Applications 1.6 (2015): 204-212.
- Sangwan, Sandeep Singh, Er Sukhvinder Kaur, and Dinesh Arora. "An Efficient Fully Parallel Skeletonization Algorithm for Device Independent BMP Images."
- Zou, Ju Jia, and Hong Yan. "Skeletonization of ribbon-like shapes based on regularity and singularity analyses." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) 31.3 (2001): 401-407.
- Chatbri and K. Kameyama, ?Using Scale Space Filtering to Make Thinning Algorithms Robust Against Noise in Sketch Images?, International Conference on Pattern Recognition letters Elsevier, vol. 42, (2014), pp. 1-10.
- Guo Z. and Hall R.W., ?Parallel Thinning with Two-Sub Iteration Algorithms?, Communications of the Association of Computer Machinery (ACM) Image Processing and Computer Vision, vol. 32, no. 3, (1989), pp.359-373.
- Y. Zhang and C. Y. Suen, ?A Fast-Parallel Algorithm for Thinning Digital Patterns?, Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery (ACM), vol. 27, no. 3, (1984), pp. 236-239.
- W. Zhou, C. Quek and G.? S.? Ng, ?A Novel Single-Pass Thinning Algorithm and an Effective Set of Performance Criteria?, International Journal of Pattern Recognition Letters Elsevier, vol. 16, Issue 12, (1995), pp. 1267-1275.
- Ahmed and R. Ward, ?A Rotation Invariant Rule-Based Thinning Algorithm for Character Recognition?, IEEE Journal on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 12, (2002), pp. 1672-1678.
- I. Rockett, ?An Improved Rotation-Invariant Thinning Algorithm?, IEEE Journal on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 27, no. 10, (2005), pp. 1671-1674.
- Tarabek, ?Performance Measurements of Thinning Algorithms?, Journal of Information, Control and Management Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, (2008), pp. 125-132.
- V. Padole and S.? B.? Pokle, ?New Iterative Algorithms for Thinning Binary Images?, IEEE Third International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, (2010), pp. 166-171.
- Jagna and V. Kamakshiprasad, ?New parallel binary image thinning algorithm?, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 5, no. 4, (2010), pp. 64-67
- Kwon, ?Improved Parallel Thinning Algorithm to Obtain Unit -Width Skeleton?, The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA), vol. 5, no. 2, (2013), pp. 1-14.
- Sharma N, Pal U, Kimura F and Pal S: Recognition of offline handwritten Devanagari characters using a quadratic classifier, In Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing Conference, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006, pp. 805-816.
- Deshpande P S, Malik L and Arora S: Fine classification & recognition of handwritten Devnagari characters with regular expressions & minimum edit distance method, Journal of Computers, vol. 3, no. 5, 2008, pp. 11-17.
- Xue, H. A. N. H. O. N. G., and Venu Govindaraju. "Character recognition by matching sequences of pseudo-stroke positions and directions." Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. 2000.
- Arora Sandhya, Bhattacharjee Debotosh, Nasipuri Mita, and Nagpur L. M.: A Two-Stage Classification Approach for Handwritten Devanagari Characters, IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, vol. 2, 2007, pp. 399-403.
- Bajaj, Reena, Lipika Dey, and Santanu Chaudhury. "Devanagari numeral recognition by combining decision of multiple connectionist classifiers." Sadhana 27.1 (2002): 59-72.
- Hanmandlu, Madasu, OV Ramana Murthy, and Vamsi Krishna Madasu. "Fuzzy Model based recognition of handwritten Hindi characters." Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications, 9th Biennial Conference of the Australian Pattern Recognition Society on. IEEE, 2007.
- Arora S, Bhattacharjee D, Nasipuri M, Basu D K and Kundu M: Recognition of non-compound handwritten Devnagari characters using a combination of MLP and minimum edit distance, International Journal Computer Science Security, vol. 4, no. 1, 2010, pp. 107-120.
- Kumar: Performance comparison of features on Devnagari hand printed dataset, International Journal on Recent Trends, vol. 1, no. 2, 2009, pp. 33-37.
- Pal, Umapada, Tetsushi Wakabayashi, and Fumitaka Kimura. "Comparative study of Devnagari handwritten character recognition using different feature and classifiers." Document Analysis and Recognition, 2009. ICDAR'09. 10th International Conference on. IEEE, 2009.
- Pal, Umapada, Tetsushi Wakabayashi, and Fumitaka Kimura. "Handwritten Bangla compound character recognition using gradient feature." Information Technology, (ICIT 2007). 10th International Conference on. IEEE, 2007.
- Jangid, Mahesh. "Devanagari isolated character recognition by using statistical features." International Journal of Computer Science and Engg 3.2 (2011): 2400-2407.
- Shelke, ?A Multistage Handwritten Marathi Compound Character Recognition Scheme using Neural Networks and Wavelet Features,? vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 81?94, 2011.
- Sharma N, Pal U, Kimura F, and Pal S. Recognition of off-line handwritten Devnagari characters using quadratic classifier, International conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006, pp. 805-816.
- Pal U, Roy R K, Roy K and Kimura F. Indian multi-script full pin-code string recognition for postal automation, IEEE International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2009, pp. 456-460.
- .Bhattacharya U and Chaudhuri B B. Handwritten numeral databases of Indian scripts and multistage recognition of mixed numerals, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 31, no. 3, 2009, pp. 444?457.
[Chetan A. Sultane, Milind V. Bhalerao and Sanjiv V. Bonde. (2017); CHARACTER RECOGNITION BASED ON SKELETONIZATION: A SURVEY. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 5 (Jun). 1503-1519] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com
M.tech Student, IEEE student member, Department of E&TC, SGGSIE & T, Nanded