ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PORT ACTIVITIES IN COTONOU, BENIN (WEST AFRICA)

The environmental effects of port activities on the biological environment are one of the growing concerns due to the importance of ports for maritime trade and the environmental consequences they generate. Activities related to maritime transport, waste management, and dredging can disrupt marine ecosystems, introduce invasive species, and pollute the waters. The objective of this research is to analyze the environmental effects of port activities in Cotonou, Benin. The data comes from several sources, including field studies, research reports, and marine pollution data. The information includes water quality measurements, observations on marine biodiversity, and data on waste management practices in ports. The methods of analysis include case studies, statistical analyses of pollution data, and ecological impact assessments. Comparisons are made between port areas and surrounding marine areas to evaluate the effects of port activities. Risk assessment models are also used to understand the implications of the bioaccumulation of toxic substances in the food chain. The results of the research show that maritime transport is a major vector for the introduction of exotic species, which can disrupt local ecosystems. The discharge of hydrocarbons and solid waste has harmful effects on the health of aquatic organisms and raises concerns about the bioaccumulation of toxins. Dredging operations disturb marine habitats, burying organisms and introducing pollutants into the environment. Plastic waste poses a serious threat to marine life, leading to health issues for species and affecting the integrity of coastal ecosystems. The main hazards associated with port activities include fire, workplace and traffic accidents, water pollution, explosions, drownings, and contamination of the natural environment by toxic substances and accidental discharges. Discharges from ships at sea constitute one of the major sources of water pollution caused by maritime transport. Several types are observed. Cargo losses frequently occur during loading or unloading due to handling errors or faulty equipment. This can involve any type of goods.