NATURAL IMMUNOMODULATORS AS ALTERNATIVES TO ANTIMICROBIALS: EVIDENCE FROM ZEBRAFISH MODELS

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the emerging issues of global concern.The declining efficacy of conventional antimicrobial treatment highlights the urgent need for novel interventions. Natural alternatives, specifically immunomodulators, present a promising solution by empowering the host's inherent immune responses rather than directly targeting the pathogens. This approach offers a distinct advantage, introducing new mechanisms of action to which pathogens have yet to develop resistance. Oxidative stress and inflammation are strongly linked to each other, where each can exacerbate the other. Therefore, developing drugs that can decrease the production of these molecules presents a viable treatment strategy for microbial infections. In this context, immunomodulation emerges as a key player. By enhancing the host's broad defensive capabilities against viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens, immunomodulation can lead to a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby offering valuable therapeutic solutions. Natural compounds derived from plants, animals, and microbes are increasingly being explored for their immunomodulatory properties. This mini-review summarises current research on their potential to mitigate the harmful effects of infections in the host. We aim to present promising, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternatives to traditional antimicrobial therapies, thereby supporting a healthy environment. Using zebrafish models, which are widely preferred due to their genetic similarity to humans and well-characterised immune system, we highlight key natural immunomodulators, emphasizing their mechanisms, applications, and potential as sustainable substitutes.