HOMEOPATHY IN HYPOTHYROIDISM: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF EVIDENCE, BIAS, AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone availability, usually reflected in elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in primary disease and reduced free thyroxine (FT4) in overt disease. Although levothyroxine remains the standard replacement therapy, some patients seek homeopathy because of residual symptoms, concerns about lifelong medication, preference for individualized consultation, and cultural acceptance of complementary medicine. Objective: This review critically evaluates recent evidence from 2020 to 2025 on homeopathy in hypothyroidism and related thyroid disorders, with emphasis on clinical outcomes, methodological bias, biological plausibility, placebo and contextual effects, and practical clinical relevance.