DEVELOPMENT OF EV CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA: KEY CHALLENGES, BARRIERS, AND ITS IMPACT ON ELECTRIC VEHICLE ADOPTION

India is rapidly transitioning toward sustainable transportation through the adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs). However, the development of EV charging infrastructure remains a major challenge. This paper examines the key barriers hindering EV adoption in India, including inadequate charging infrastructure, unreliable electricity supply, dependence on fossil-fuel-based electricity generation, range anxiety, high charging costs, battery limitations, and policy challenges. The study also evaluates emerging solutions such as renewable energy integration, body-mounted solar panels, regenerative braking systems, hydrogen fuel cell technology, and electrified highways utilizing pantograph-equipped trucks. The findings suggest that while EVs offer significant environmental benefits, widespread adoption in India requires substantial improvements in charging infrastructure, grid reliability, renewable energy deployment, and domestic battery manufacturing.