FROM MONITORING DASHBOARDS TO GOVERNANCE TWINS: AN ACCOUNTABILITY-CENTRED ARCHITECTURE FOR HUMAN-IN-THE-LOOP AI IN COMPETITIVE CITY ECONOMIC REGIONS

Background: City economic regions are delivered through portfolios of mutually dependent infrastructure, land, service and regulatory actions. Conventional dashboards improve visibility but often fail to preserve the evidence, authority, assumptions and distributional consequences behind consequential decisions. Methods: This conceptual study applies design-science research, structured synthesis and scenario-based stress testing to develop an accountability-centred governance artifact. The proposed architecture was evaluated ex ante against lifecycle completeness, decision traceability, cross-agency usability, AI oversight, auditability and capacity for institutional learning.