INTERNET OF THINGS - PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT FOR THE SUCCESSFUL DEPLOYMENT OF SMART CITY TECHNOLOGIES IN SAUDI ARABIA

The deployment of Internet of Things systems is treated as a technology project, even though the value obtained depends on the situation that exists before installation and on what happens a long time after the system has been put into operation. This review looks at smart - city IoT as a portfolio of product - service assets, with responsibility shared throughout the stages of definition, design, procurement, integration, operation, renewal and retirement. Its objective is to draw together evidence from 2020 to 2025 and to establish a lifecycle management framework for the deployment of smart-city technology in Saudi Arabia. Thirty peer-reviewed sources, all with verified digital object identifiers, were chosen using an integrative review that covered implementation, IoT architectures, cybersecurity, digital twins, edge intelligence, citizen acceptance, sustainability and electronic-waste management. The evidence was analysed in relation to six lifecycle stages and six cross-cutting assurance dimensions. The synthesis reveals that failure in deployment is seldom due to the sensing hardware itself. Ongoing risks result from fragmented ownership, weak interoperability requirements,discontinuous asset and data records, the late incorporation of security measures, unplanned software evolution and the lack of retirement plans.