AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR LIFECYCLE SAFETY MANAGEMENT AND ASSURANCE OF RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL, MILITARY, AND SPACE SAFETY DOCUMENTS

Rechargeable lithium batteries are used across diverse military platforms, where safety management must address not only battery design and testing but also operational conditions, handling, incident response, and end - of - use management. This study conducted a structured comparative document analysis of 14 industrial, military, space, and operational safety documents to develop an integrated lifecycle safety management and assurance framework for military battery applications. Safety requirements were organized into seven lifecycle safety management domains comprising 23 detailed elements. Coverage was highest for general provisions (14/14, 100.0%), operation (13/14, 92.9%), and marking and information provision (13/14, 92.9%), followed by design (11/14, 78.6%), incident response and first aid (10/14, 71.4%), disposal (10/14, 71.4%), and safety performance (7/14, 50.0%). Comparison of space and military documents further identified five safety assurance mechanisms: risk classification and requirement tailoring; design review and approval; engineering evaluation, qualification testing, and acceptance testing; configuration management and traceability; and in-service monitoring and post-use evaluation. These mechanisms were integrated with the lifecycle domains to distinguish what should be managed from how requirements should be applied, verified, approved, and traced, while incorporating feedback from operational and post-use information into subsequent review.