FAT EMBOLISM AND FAT EMBOLISM SYNDROME: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Fat embolism (FE) is defined as the presence of fat globules within the circulation [1]. Fat embolism is extremely common after trauma and occurs, to a variable extent, in the majority of patients suffering long bone or pelvic fractures [2]. In the majority of patients, fat emboli appear to have minimal physiological effects and most patients display no signs or symptoms. Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare but potentially fatal consequence of FE resulting in a spectrum of end organ damage. Fat embolism syndrome was originally described by the symptomatic triad of respiratory distress, neurological impairment, and petechial rash [1]. Although first reported in humansby Zenker in 1862,the pathophysiology of FES remains incompletely understood. Despite an accumulating body of literature describing the occurrence of FES, there remains significant clinical uncertainty regarding its diagnosis, prevention, and management.