REAL-TIME SUN TRACKING USING LDR SENSORS AND ARDUINO FOR IMPROVED PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER OUTPUT

Solar energy harvesting using photovoltaic (PV) panels is crucial to addressing global energy demands while fighting climate change. However, fixed-tilt PV systems are inefficient due to the sun's diurnal and seasonal motions, catching only a portion of available irradiance. This study discusses the design, implementation, and performance assessment of a dual-axis solar tracking system that dynamically aligns PV panels to follow the sun's path in both azimuth (east-west) and elevation (north-south) to enhance energy yield. The system employs a microcontroller-based design that includes light-dependent resistors (LDRs) for real-time sun position sensing, as well as stepper motors and gears. The closed-loop feedback mechanism ensures perfect alignment, with safety measures to avoid over-rotation and mechanical strain. The design was carried out with low-cost components, and simulations confirmed theoretical efficiency gains.