SALIVARY BIOMARKERS FOR DRUG AND TOXIN DETECTION

Saliva is an easily accessible and non-invasive diagnostic fluid that gains significant attention in the biomedical field, especially for drug and toxin detection. This review explores the potential of salivary biomarkers, detailing the types of biomarkers, mechanisms of drug deposition, and their diagnostic applications [1]. The role of salivary biomarkers for discovery and improvement has gained precedence over the years. So biomarkers become integrated into drug development and clinical trials, and quality assurance and assay validation become essential with the need to establish standardized guidelines for analytic methods used in biomarker measurements [2]. The Nobel protein method helps in stabilization and proteomic analysis of the extracted sample. The article also discusses recent advancements [3], limitations, and future perspectives of salivary diagnostics in clinical and forensic sciences [4]. DNA libraries with BAB modifications can achieve more diverse conformations for various targets compared with natural DNA libraries, which is an important advantage for aptamer development. Similarly, chronic kidney disease has been identified by studying the correlation between creatinine and uremic toxin (UT) [6], which impaired kidneys cannot filtrate and By replacing the traditional biomarkers of druginduced toxicity, they have improved the value of the potential for use of circulating miRs in the field of drug-safety assessment [7].